rso 

E13f 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


A 

POPULAR 
FLORA 


_<  >h-  - 


BENVER,  COLORADO 

,J~^-_r^  ^^»-. — '' 


By   ALICE    EASTWOQDV 


POPULAR    FLORA 


— :OF:— 


DENVER,   COLORADO, 


ALICE,  EASTWOOD. 


SAN  FRANCISCO: 
ZOE  PUBLISHING  COMPANY, 

P.   O.   BOX  2114. 

» 

Issued  May,  1893. 


PREFACE. 


This  Flora  was  written  with  the  sole  aim  of  helping  students  to  learn 
the  names  of  the  plants  that  grow  around  Denver.  It  has  been  made  as 
simple  'as  possible,  and  those  characteristics  only  have  been  noted  which 
seemed  to  separate  any  given  species  from  allied  forms.  The  localities  are 
cited  generally  with  exrctness,  so  as  to  insure  certainty.  The  accent  marks 
will  tell  all  thrt  is  needed  about  the  pronunc  ation ;  for  with  the  accent 
correct  it  makes  but  little  difference  whether  the  English  or  continental  pro- 
nunciation be  used.  For  analytical  keys  and  descriptions  of  orders  and 
genera  the  student  will  have  to  consult  a  more  complete  manual;  either 
te4'  Coulter's  Rocky  Mountain  Botany  "  or  some  one  of  Gray's  text-books. 

Establishing  the  identity  of  a  plant  is  the  first  step  towards  knowing  it, 

^•though  generally  it  becomes  also  the  last.    There  should  follow  observations 

Sc  of  its  habits  and  environment;  the  noting  of  the  insect  visitors,  their  ac- 

£2  tions  and  results;  comparison  with  other  plants  of  the  same  species  and  with 

^s  those  of  allied  species  to  discover  variation  and  detect   relationships  that 

^  may  be  unsuspected.     This  is  a  vast  field  of  origjnal  work  that  has  been  so 

»  neglected  that  we  are  forced  to  admit  that  we  know  very  little  beyond  the 

name  of  a  plant.     It  is  hoped  that  by  facilitating  that  labor  more  time  can 

be  spared  for  the  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  plants. 

No  descriptions  have  been  attempted  in  the  more  difficult  orders  be- 
cause they  could  not  be  made  simple  enough  for  beginners.  The  names 
will  serve  as  a  check  list  to  those  who  know  the  species. 

As  this  list  probably  does  not  contain  the  names  of  all  the  plants  grow- 
ing around  Denver,  and  as  new  plants  are  continually  being  introduced, any- 
one who  finds  a  plant  that  seems  to  be  unrecorded  will  do  a  great  favor  by 
sending  me  a  specimen  in  flower  and  fruit. 

"  Gray's  Manual "  has  been  followed  in  regard  to  accentuation  and  no- 
menclature. I  wish  to  acknowledge  the  kindness  of  Professor  Crandall,  of 
the  State  Agricultural  College  of  Colorado,  for  the  verification  of  the  grasses. 

ALICE  EASTWOOD. 
Academy  of  Sciences,  San  Francisco,  Of/. 


288500 


FLORA  OF  DENVER. 


RANUNCULACE^E.      (Crowfoot     Family.) 

1.  Clematis  HgusticifoliaNuTT.   (VIRGIN'S BOWER.)  Climb- 
ing, dioecious,  flowers  white,  akenes  numerous,  with  feathery 
tails.    Common  along  Cherry  Creek  and  the  Platte,  on  the  plains 
in  North  Denver  and  in  Perrin's  Meadow.     Summer  and  fall. 

2.  Anemone    dichotoma  L.     (WIND-FLOWER,  ANEMONE.) 
Flowers  large  and  white.     Head  of  round  carpels,  globular. 
Along  the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek  in  damp,  shady  places. 
Summer. 

3.  Thalictrum  Cornuti  L.    (MEADOW-RUE.)    Reported  by 
Miss  E.  Eaton  from  Clear  Creek  near  Berkeley. 

4.  Myosurus  minimus  L.    (MOUSETAIL.)     Flowers  incon- 
spicuous, spike    of    akenes  elongating    and    slender.      Near 
Montclair  and  in  North  Denver.     Spring. 

5.  Ranunculus    aquatilis  L.   (WHITE  WATER-CROWFOOT.) 
Growing  in  ponds  and  streams  with  finely  dissected  leaves  all 
under  water.     There  are  two  varieties,  one  having  the  leaves 
rigid  when  withdrawn  from  the  water  and  the  other  with  leaves 
that  collapse.    Along  Cherrv  Creek  and  the  Platte.     Spring  to 
fall. 

6.  Ranunculus  Cymbalaria  PURSH.    (STRAWBERRY  CROW- 
FOOT.)    Flowers  small  and  yellow,  stems  sending  out  runners. 
Common  along  the  ditches  and  ponds.     Spring  to  autumn. 

7.  Ranunculus  sceleratus  L.   (CURSED  CROWFOOT.)  Stems 
hollow  and  smooth,  flowers  small  and  yellow,  akenes  numer- 

(3) 


4  Flora  of  Denver. 

ous  and  falling  off  readily  when  ripe.      Growing  in  and  near 
water,  along  the  ditches,  etc.     Spring  to  autumn. 

8.  Ranunculus    Pennsylvanicus    L.       (PENNSYLVANIAN 
CROWFOOT.)     Bristly-hairy,  yellow  petals  smaller  than  sepals, 
akenes  in  oblong  heads.     Growing  near  water,  summer. 

9.  Ranunculus  multifidus  PURSH.     Stems  floating,  petals 
yellow.     This  has  been  found  along  Clear  Creek  near  Berke- 
ley by  Miss  E.  Eaton. 

10.  Delphinium  azureum    MICHX-     \ WHITE  LARKSPUR.) 
Palmately  dissected  leaves  mostly  at  base  of  stem,  flowers  white 
with  ascending  spurs.     Common  on  the  plains  in  early  summer. 

11.  Delphinium  bicolor  NUTT.     (BLUE  LARKSPUR.)    Flow- 
ers deep  blue,  roots  clustered,  small  and  fleshy  and  too  readily 
separating  from  the  stem.     Rare  along  Cherry  Creek.     Spring. 

12.  Delphinium  scopulorum  GRAY.     Tall,  large  blue  flow- 
ers numerous.     Found   by  Miss  E.  Eaton  near  Berkeley,  on 
Clear  Creek.     Rare  near  Denver. 

PAPAVERACE.E.   (Poppy  Family.) 

13.  Argemone    platyceras     LINK  &    OTTO.       (MEXICAN 
POPPY.)     Flowers  large  and  white,  glaucous  leaves  smooth,  ex- 
cept for  the  prickles,  and  distinctly  white  veined.     Common  on 
the  plains.     Summer  and  autumn. 

14.  Argemone  hispida  GRAY.      (BRISTLY  POPPY.)      Very 
bristly  and  hairy,  leaves  light  green   but  not  white-veined. 
More  compact  than  the  preceding  and  less  common.     Near 
Petersburg  and  Valverde  on  the  plains.    Summer. 

FUMARIACEjE.         (Fumitory  Family.) 

15.  Corydalis    aurea     WILLD.    var.    occidentalis    GRAY. 
(GOLDEN  CORYDAL.)     Racemes  of  odd-shaped,  spurred,  yellow 


Flora  of  Denver.  5 

flowers,  herbage  smooth  and  glaucous,  stems  hollow,  seeds  shin- 
ing and  black.  Common  along  the  North  Denver  and  Val- 
verde  hillsides  above  the  Platte,  Cherry  Creek.  Spring,  sum- 


CRUCIFER^E.     (Mustard  Family.) 

16.  Arabis  hirsuta  SCOP.      (HAIRY  ROCK-CRESS.)      Bien- 
nial, flowers  inconspicuous,  wingless  seeds  in  one  row  in  each 
cell  of  the  ascending  pods.    Along  the  Platte.     Spring,  summer. 

17.  Arabis  perfoliata  LAM.    Biennial,stem  leaves  glaucous 
and  clasping  by  the  sagittate  base,  pods  erect  with  two  rows  of 
seeds  in  each  cell.     Along  the  Platte.     Summer. 

18.  Arabis  Holboellii  HORNEM.     Perennial,  flowers  larger, 
pods  spreading  downwards  with  two  rows  of  seeds  in  each  cell 
Along  the  Platte.     Spring  and  summer. 

19.  Draba   cuneifolia    NUTT.      (WHITLOW  GRASS.)       Low 
with  stellate  pubescence  and  small  white  flowers  in  racemes. 
Rare  around  Denver;  on  the  plains  in  early  spring. 

20.  Camelina  sativa  CRANTZ.     (FALSE  FLAX.)     An  intro- 
duced annual  with  small  yellow  flowers  and  numerous  pear- 
shaped  margined  pods.     Rare.     Valverde,  University  Park. 

21.  Nasturtium  officinale  R.  BR.     (WATER  CRESS.)     The 
common  water-cress  found  growing  in  the  springs  near  the 
Platte  and  Cherry  Creek.     Introduced. 

22.  Nasturtium  palustre  DC.     (MARSH  CRESS.)     Annual, 
erect,  short  pods  tipped  with  a  short  style,  leaves  pinnately 
cleft  and  divisions  cut  toothed.     There  is  also  a  low  spreading 
form  in  fields.     In  wet  places. 

23.  Erysimum  asperum  DC.     (WESTERN  WALL-FLOWER.) 
Flowers   yellow  in  racemes,  fragrant,   pods  long,   four-sided, 
spreading  horizontally.     North    Denver  and    Valverde   hills. 
spring  and  summer. 


6         ,  Flora  of  Denver. 

24.  Sisymbrium  canescens  NUTT.  (TANSY-MUSTARD.) 
Yellow  flowers  very  small,  pods  in  elongated  racemes  shorter 
than  their  pedicels.  Seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell.  Spring. 
Common. 

25.  Sisymbrium  incfsum  ENGELM.    Seeds  in  one  row,  pods 
usually   longer   than   the   spreading   pedicels.      Clear   Creek. 
Found  by  Miss  E.  Eaton. 

26.  Sisymbrium  officinale  SCOP.     (HEDGE-MUSTARD.)    In- 
troduced along  the  Platte.     Rare. 

27.  Brassica  nigraKocn.    (BLACK-MUSTARD.)  Introduced. 

28.  Brassica  campestris  L.     (TURNIP.)     Introduced. 

29.  Capsella     Bursa  -  pastoris    MOENCH.       (SHEPHERD'S 
PURSE.)     Introduced.     Common. 

30.  Lcpidium   campestre    BR.      Introduced.     One   plant 
found  at  Valverde.     Summer. 

31.  Lepldium    intermedium     GRAY.         (PEPPER-GRASS.) 
Flowers  inconspicuous,  petals  wanting  or  very  small;  round, 
flat  emarginate  pods  numerous  in  racemes.     Common  on  the 
plains  in  early  summer. 

32.  Lesquere'lla  Ludoviciana  DC.     (BLADDER-POD.)    This 
is  the  Vesicaria  Ludoviciana  DC.  of  Coulter's  Manual.     Branch- 
ing from  the  -base,  stellately  pubescent.     Flowers  yellow  and 
pods  obovate,  globose.     On  the  plains.      Common  in   Cherry 
Creek  bottom  near  Broadway  Bridge.     Spring  and  summer. 

33.  Physaria     didymocarpa  GRAY.     (TwiN-Poo.)     Canes- 
cent,  low  and  prostrate  with  many  stems  bearing  numerous 
yellow  flowers  and  large  2-celled   inflated   pods.     Along   the 
Platte  at  Valverde.     Spring  and  summer. 

34.  Raphanus  satiyus  L.     The  common  radish  introduced 
and  running  wild. 


Flora  of  Denvw.  7 

CAPPARIDACE^E.      (Caper  Family.) 

35.  Polanisia    trachysperma      T.   &  G.     (SKUNK-WEED.) 
Glandular  flowers  white  with  purple  filaments,  odor  disagree- 
able, pods  upright.     Platte  bottom  in  sandy  places.     Summer. 

36.  Cleome    integrifolia  T.   &   G.     (BEE  PLANT,   RATTLE- 
WEED.)     Tall  and  branching,  flowers  reddish-purple  or  rarely 
white,  pods  numerous,  flattened,  an  inch  or  two  long,  hanging. 
Common.     Summer  and  fall. 

VIOLACE^E.      (Violet  Family.) 

37.  Viola  cucullata  AIT.     (BLUE  VIOLET.)     Round  kidney- 
shaped  leaves  from  a  short  root-stock.     In  damp  places  along 
the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek.     Spring. 

38.  Viola  delphinifoiia  NUTT.  (LARkspUR-LEAVED  VIOLET.) 
Flowers  blue,  leaves  5  to  7-parted,  divisions  cleft  into  linear 
lobes.     Clear  Creek  near  Berkeley. 

39.  Viola  Canadensis  L.     (CANADIAN  VIOLET.)      Flowers 
white  and  pink,  stem  sometimes  branching   diffusely.     Rare 
along  the  Platte  near  Overland  Park.     Spring. 

40.  Viola  Nuttallii    PURSH.      (YELLOW  VIOLET,  JOHNNY- 
JUMP-UP.)    Leaves  lance-shaped.     On  the  plains  in  early  spring. 

CARYOPHYLLAlCE^E.      (Pink  Family.) 

41.  Silene  antirrhina  L.     (SLEEPY  CATCH-FLY.)     Annual 
with  viscid  joints,  petals  small  and  pink,  flowers  opening  for  a 
short  time   in   sunshine.     Capsules  large.      Rare   along  the 
Platte. 

42.  Lychnis  Drummondii  WATSON.    Rare  along  the  Platte. 
Summer. 

43.  Cerastium    arvense    L.      (MOUSE   EAR   CHICKWEED.) 
Flowers  white  with  deeply  indented  petals,  styles  five,  herbage 
glandular.     Clear  Creek  near  Berkeley. 


8  Flora  of  Denver. 

44.  Saponaria  officinalis  L.     (BOUNCING-BET.)    Introduced 
along  the  D.  &  R.  G.  track  near  Petersburg.     Summer. 

45.  Saponaria  Vaccaria  L.     Smooth,  diffusely  branching, 
corolla  pink,  calyx  enlarged  and  angled.     Introduced,  common 
around  Denver.     Summer. 

PORTULACACE/E.      (Portulaca  Family.) 

46.  Portulaca     oleracea    L.      (PURSLANE.)       Introduced. 
Common. 

47-  Talinum  teretifolium  PURSH.  Leaves  fleshy,  round 
line"ar,  flowers  small  and  pink  in  a  cyme.  Along  the  Platte, 
North  Denver  near  Argo,  Riverside  Cemetery.  Summer. 

MALVACE/E.      (Mallow  Family.) 

48.  Sidalcea  malvseflora  Mo9-    &   SESS.     (PiNK  MALLOW.) 
Branching  from  the  base,  flowers  pink,  carpels  beaked.     Rare 
along  the  Platte  bottom.     Summer. 

49.  Malvastrum  coccineum  GRAY.    (RED  MALLOW.)    Stel- 
lately  pubescent,  flowers  light  red.     On  the  plains.    Summer. 

50.  Malva  rotundifolia    L.     (COMMON    MALLOW.)     Intro- 
duced in  North  Denver. 

LINAGES.      (Flax  Family.) 

51.  Lhium    perenne  L.      (BLUE     FLAX.)      Rare    around 
Denver. 

GERANIACE^E.      (Geranium  Family.) 

52.  Geranium  Fremontii  TORR.    (WILD  GERANIUM.)    Vis- 
cid glandular,   flowers    pink.      Along   the   Platte.      Perrin's 
meadow.     Summer.     Rather  rare. 


Flora  of  Denver.  9 

53-  Erodium  cicutarium  L'HfiR.     (ALFILARIA.)   Recently 
introduced  around  Denver. 

54-  Oxalis  corniculata  L.  var.  stri'cta  SAV.     (YELLOW    Ox- 
ALIS.)     Along  the  Platte  and   Cherry   Creek  near  Berkeley. 
Summer. 

VITACEjE.      (Vine  Family.) 

55.  Vitis    riparia  MICHX.     (WiLD   GRAPE.)      Along   the 
Platte. 

56.  Ampelopsis  quinquefolia  MICHX.   (WOODBINE.)    Flow- 
ers small  and  green,  fruit  purple,  leaflets  five.     Cherry  Creek, 
along  the  Platte. 

SAPINDACE^.      (Maple  Family.) 

57.  Negundo    aceroides   MCENCH.     (Box-ELDER.)     Along 
the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek. 

ANACARDIACE.E.     (Sumach  Family.) 

58.  Rhus  Toxicodendron  L.    (PoisoN-Ivv  OR  POISON-OAK.) 
The  form  near  Denver  does  not  climb.    Leaflets  three.     Along 
the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek,  sometimes  along  the  ditches. 

59.  Rhus  Canadensis  MARSH  var.  trilobata  GRAY.   A  strong 
scented  shrub,  flowers  numerous,  small  and  greenish  yellow, 
red  fruit  covered  with  a  pleasantly  acid  coating. 

LEGUMINOS^.      (Pulse  Family.) 

60.  Thermopsis    rhombifolia    NUTT.      Pods     spreading, 
curved  downwards.     Cherry  Creek  along  the  Platte.     Spring. 

61.  Thermopsis  montana  NUTT.     This  has  been  reported. 


10  Flora  of  Denver. 

It   can   easily    be  distinguished    from   T.  rhombi/olia   by    the 
strictly  upright  pods. 

62.  Sophdfa  sericea  NUTT.      Flowers   white,   pods   com- 
pressed between  the  seeds.     Common.     Summer. 

63.  Lupinusargenteus  PURSH.    (SILVERY  LUPINE.)  Peren- 
nial, diffusely  branching,  leafy,  silky  canescent,  blue  flowers  in 
a  somewhat  thick  raceme.     Common.     Summer. 

64.  Lupinus  pusillus  PURSH.     (HAIRY  LUPINE.)    Annual, 
low,  racemes  short  and    dense,  pod  hairy  and  2-seeded.     In 
sandy  places,  North  Denver  and  near  Cherry  Creek.     Rather 
common.     Spring. 

65.  Trifolium  pratense  L      (RED  CLOVER.)      Introduced. 

66.  Trifolium  repens  L.     (WHITE  CLOVER.)      Introduced- 

67.  Trifolium  hybridum  L.    (ALSIKE  OR  SWEDISH  CLOVER.) 
Introduced  sparingly.  . 

68.  Melilotu  ;  officinalis  WILLD.   (YELLOW  SWEET-CLOVER.) 
Introduced,  rare. 

69    Melilotus  alba   LAM.    (SWEET-CLOVER.)      Introduced, 
very  common  along  the  ditches. 

70.  Medicago    sativa    L.    (ALFALFA,   LUCERNE.)      Intro- 
duced, common. 

71.  Psoralea  tenuiflora  PURSH.    Diffusely  branch  ing,  flow- 
ers blue,  rarely  white;  pod  one-seeded,  glandular.    Summer  and 
fall.     Common  on  the  plains. 

72.  Psoralea     lanceolata  PURSH.     Erect,  branching  from 
the   base,   flowers  white,   pod    very   glandular.      Along  the 
Platte.     Summer. 

73.  Dalea  alopecuroides  WILLD.     Flowers  blue  or    white, 
small  in  dense  spikes.     South   Denver  on  Lincoln  Avenue. 
Along  a  ditch  near  the  south  side  of  Cherry  Creek.     Fall. 


of  Denver.  11 

74.  Petalostemon  violaceus  MICHX.     (CRIMSON  PRAIRIE- 
CLOVER.)     Flowers  crimson  on  a  cylindrical  spike.     On  the 
plains.     Summer. 

75.  Petalostemon    candidus   MICHX.    (WHITE    PRAIRIE- 
CLOVER.)     Flowers  similar  but  white,  leaflets  more  numerous. 
On  the  plains.     Summer. 

76.  Petaloste'mon  macrostachyus  TORR.    Spikes  thicker 
and  longer,  corolla  greenish  white.     North  Denver.     Summer. 

77.  Amorpha  fruticosa  L.    (FALSE  INDIGO.)   A  shrub  with 
spikes  of  dark  purple  flowers  blooming  in  spring     Along  the 
Platte. 

78.  Glycyrrhiza  lepidota  PURSH.     (LIQUORICE.)     Glandu- 
lar, flowers  greenish    white,  ripe   pods   brown    covered  with 
hooked  prickles.     Common. 

79.  Astragalus  caryocarpus  KER.     (GROUND  PLUM.)     The 
earliest  Astragalus,  with  large  pink  and  white  flowers  and  pod 
like  a  green  plum.     On  the  plains. 

80.  Astragalus  Canadensis  L.    Tall  and  branching,   flow- 
ers greenish  white,  pods  ascending,  crowded,  two-celled,  swollen. 
Along  the  Platte.     Perrin's  meadow. 

81.  Astra'galus  adsurgens  PALL.    Rather  tall,'  violet  flow- 
ers in  dense  capitate  spikes,  pod  two-celled,  cross  section  obcor- 
date.     Along  the  Platte 

82.  Astra'galus  hypoglottis  L.    Low,  with  capitate  spikes 
of  violet  flowers,  pod  silky  with  white  hairs.     Resembles  the 
preceding,  but  is  much  smaller  and  has  a  villous  pod.    Along 
the  Platte. 

83  Astragalus  Drummondii  DOUGL.  Tall,  white-hairy, 
corolla  white,  calyx  black-hairy,  pods  long  and  hanging, 
cross  section  deeply  obcordate.  Berkeley. 


12  Flora  of  Denver. 

84.  Astragalus    racemosus  PURSH.    Corolla  pink  or  white, 
calyx  swollen  at  one  side,  pods  hanging  in  a  loosely,  many- 
flowered    raceme,    cross   section   triangular.     Rare  along    the 
Platte.     Early  summer. 

85.  Astragalus  microlobus  GRAY.      Stems  spreading  on 
the  ground,  canescent,  flowers  blue,  pods  reflexed,  wrinkled, 
curved  upward,  one-celled.     The  pods  have  the  appearance  of 
small   bugs   running  down  the   stem.      North    Denver   near 
Elitch's  ^gardens.     Summer. 

86.  Astragalus  lotiflorus  HOOK.   Low  with  the  inconspic- 
uous yellowish-white  flowers  and  long  white  hairy  pods  at  the 
base  of  the  stem  surrounded   by  the  leaves,  pods   one-celled, 
pointed.     Common  on  the   plains.     It  blooms   early   in  the 
spring  and  a  second  time  in  the  fall. 

87.  Astragalus  Shortianus  NUTT.     Low,  with  large  violet 
flowers  clustered  near  the  end  of  the  naked  stems.    Pods  large, 
leathery,   pointed,  and   strongly  curved  inward,  almost  two- 
celled,   wrinkled.      Leaves  and  stem  covered  with  appressed 
silky  hairs.     Berkeley.     Spring. 

88.  Astra'galus  Parryi  GRAY.  Covered  with  loosely  spread- 
ing white  hairs,  flowers  white,  tinged  with  crimson,  pod  with 
very  long  point,  curved  inwards,  wrinkled,  almost  two  celled 
by  the  intrusion  of  both  sutures.     Spring  and  summer. 

89.  Astragalus  sparsiflorus  GRAY.  Stems  decumbent,  pods 
deflexed,  mottled,  curved  inwards,  almost  two-celled.      Spring 
and  summer.     Along  the  Platte. 

90.  Astragalus   pictus  GRAY.  var.  filifolius  GRAY.      Leaves 
either   compound  with  thread-like   divisions   or   simple   and 
thread-like,  pods  inflated,  mottled  with  red,  flowers  small  and 
white.     In  sandy  places  often  under  sagebrush.     Common  on 
the  plains.     Summer. 

91.  Astragalus  sericoleucus  GRAY.  Forming  dense  mats. 
Berkele}7.     Early  spring. 


Flam  of  Denver.  13 

92  Oxytropis  Lamberti  GRAY.  On  the  plains  the  crim- 
son-flowered variety  with  decumbent  stems  prevails  but 
along  the  Platte  in  the  shade,  the  flowers  are  almost  white  and 
the  plant  is  quite  erect.  The  large  white-flowered  variety  is 
one  of  the  loco  weeds. 

93.  Vicia   Americana  MUHL.      (WILD   PEA.)      Climbing, 
flowers  blue,   small.      It   varies  and   is  common  along  the 
streams. 

94.  Laithyrus    ornaius   NUTT.       (WiLD  PEA.)      Low   and 
somewhat  canescent  with  appressed  hairs!"     Flowers  large  re- 
sembling the  next.     Montclair.     Early  summer. 

95.  Lathy rus  polymorphus  NUTT.    With   strongly  veined 
smooth  leaves,  more  prostrate  than  the  preceding.     Common 
along  the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek.     Early  summer. 

96.  Apios    tuberosa  MOENCH.   (GROUND  NUT.)    Climbing, 
with  brown  purple  flowers.     Near  Valverde.     Autumn. 

ROSACES.     (Rose   Family.) 

97.  Prunus  Americana  MARSHALL    (WiLD  PLUM.)    Along 
the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek,  blooming  in  early  spring. 

98.  Prunus  Virginiana  L.     (CHOKE  CHERRY.)     Along  the 
Platte  and  Cherry  Creek,  blooming  in  spring. 

99.  Rubus    strigosus    MICHX.      (Raspberry.)      Reported 
from  near  Denver  by  Dr.  Smith  in  "Flora  of  Colorado." 

100.  Geuxn  strfctum    AIT.    Leaves  hairy,  unevenly    pin- 
nate, stems  erect,  flowers  yellow,  styles    becoming   hooked. 
Along  the  Platte.     Rare. 

i ox.  Fragaria  Virginiana  MILL.  var.  Illinoensis  GRAY. 
(STRAWBERRY.)  Along  the  Platte. 

102.  Potentflla    arguta  PURSTI.   Stems  tall  and  stout,  flow- 


14  Flora  of  Denver. 

ers  clustered  near  the  top,  yellowish-white,  lower  leaves  with 
long  petioles.     Along  the  Platte.     Rare.     Summer. 

103.  Potentilla  Norvegica  L.     Stems  tall  and  weak,  hairy, 
leaflets  three,  cut  toothed,  calyx  larger  than  yellow  corolla. 
Along  the  Platte.     Summer. 

104.  Potentilla  rivaiis  NUTT.     Similar  but  not  so  tall  and 
more  slender,  leaflets  usually  five,  flowers  smaller  and  more 
numerous.     Along  the  Platte.     Summer. 

105.  Potentilla    Pennsylvanica  L.   var.     strigosa  PURSH. 
Stems  erect,  leaves  close  to  the  stem,  pinnate  leaflets  divided 
into  linear  divisions  with  revolute  margins.     Flowers  clustered 
at  top  of  stems.     Near  the  Platte  in  South  Denver.     Summer. 

106.  Potentilla  gracilis  DOUGL.     Branching  from  the  base, 
tall.     Root  leaves  with  long  petioles  and  about  seven  palmate 
leaflets,  very   white   on   the  under  surfaces,  flower   branches 
spreading.     Perrin's  meadow.     North  Denver. 

107.  Potentilla     fruticosa    L.      (SHRUBBY    POTENTILLA.) 
This  was  reported  from  near  Denver  by  B.  H.  Smith  in  "Flora 
of  Colorado."     I  think  I  saw  it  many  years  ago  in  North  Den- 
ver but  have  not  seen  it  since. 

108.  Potentilla  Anserfna  L.     (SILVER-WEED.)     Spreading 
by  runners,  leaves  silky  and  white.     Common  in  wet  places. 
Spring  and  Summer. 

109.  Rosa  blanda  AIT.     The  common  wild  rose.'     Along 
the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek. 

no.  RosaSayi.     This  has  been  found  by  Miss  £.  Eaton 
along  Clear  Creek  near  Berkeley. 

SAXIFRAGACEvC.     (Saxifrage  Family.) 

in.  Saxifraga  nivalis  L.    Very  rare  along  the  Platte  near 
Valverde. 


Flora  of  Denver.  15 

112.  Ribes     floridum     L.       Racemes     drooping,     leaves 
sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  berry  black.    Along  the  Platte. 

113.  Ribes  aureum  PURSH.    (GOLDEN  CURRANT.)  Smooth, 
yellow  flowers,  numerous,  fragrant,  berry  at  first  yellow,  turn- 
ing black.     Along  the  Platte. 

LYTHRACE>*E.      (Lythrum  Family.) 

114.  Ammania  latifolia  L.      Along  the  Platte.     Summer. 

115.  Lythrum  alatum  PURSH.     Along  the  Platte  near  the 
C.  C.  Bridge.     Summer.     Rare. 

ONAGRACE^E.      (Evening  Primrose  Family.) 

116.  Epilobium   spicatum  LAM.      (WILLOW  HERB,  FIRE- 
WEED.)     Flowers  crimson,  large  white  style  deflexed.     Clear 
Creek  near  Berkeley.     Summer. 

117.  Epilobium    coloratum  MUHL.     Along  the  Platte  and 
Cherry  Creek.     Sometimes  along  the  ditches. 

n8.  Epilobium  adenocaulon  HAUSSKN.  Found  in  the 
same  localities  as  the  preceding  and  similar.  It  differs  most 
noticeably  in  the  more  glandular  pubescence,  leaves  less  ser- 
rate and  the  coma  of  the  seeds  whiter. 

119.  Epilobium  paniculatum  NUTT.   Stem  erect,  branching 
above,  annual.     Leaves  and  flowers  small  and  branches  almost 
leafless.     Clear  Creek  near  Berkeley.     Along  the  Platte.    Sum- 
mer. 

120.  Gayophytum   ramossissimum  TORR  &  GRAY.     Dif- 
fusely spreading,  with  slender,  reddish  branches,  flowers  very 
small,  pink.     It  might  be  mistaken  for  Epilobium  paniculatum 
but  can  always  be  distinguished  by  the  lack  of  coma  on  the 
seeds. 

121.  CEnothera  biennis  L.     Erect  and  stout  with  yellow 
flowers  that  open  about  sunrise.     The  var.  grandiflora  Lindl 


16  Flora  of  Denver. 

has  flowers  much  larger  and  is  not  so  stout.    Denver.    Summer. 

122.  CEnothera    pinnatihda  NUTT    (THE  COMMON  WHITE- 
FLOWERED  EVENING  PRIMROSE.)     Ascending  stems  branching 
from  near  the  ground.    Seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell.    Common 
on  the  plains.     It  has  two  seasons  of  blooming.     The  spring 
•flowers  are  from  plants  of  the  previous  year,  while  the  fall  are 
seedlings  of  the  same  season. 

123.  CEnothera  albicaulis  NUTT.    (WHITE-STEMMED  EVEN- 
ING PRIMROSE.)     Tall  stems  white,  branching,  calyx  tips  free 
in  the  bud.     Flowers  white.     Along  the  Platte,  and  in  sandy 
places  in  North  Denver.     Summer. 

124.  CEnothera    coronopifolia  T.  &  G.      (SMALL    WHITE 
EVENING  PRIMROSE.)     Flowers  white,  nearly  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter, becoming  a  bright  pink  in  drying.     Stems  erect  and  leafy, 
with  small,  pinnate  leaves,  divisions  almost  linear.     Common. 
Spring  and  summer. 

125.  CEnothera   brachycarpa  GRAY.     (GOLDEN  EVENING 
PRIMROSE.)    Leaves  and  flowers  from  a  perennial  woody  root. 
Flowers  yellow,  turning  purple  in  fading  or  drying,  very  large, 
three  to  four  inches  in  diameter.     This  handsome  (Enothera 
has  been  found  near  Sloan's  Lake.     It  is  rare  around  Denver, 
but  abundant  on  Rooney's  Ranch  near  Morrison.     Spring. 

ia6.  CEnothera  serrulata  NUTT.  Many  erect  stems  from 
the  woody  root.  Small  yellow  flowers  numerous  and  in  the 
upper  axils.  Along  the  Platte.  Summer. 

127.  Gaura  parviflora  DOUGL.    Tall,   sometimes  five  feet. 
Leafy  at  base,  branching  above.     Small  pink  flowers  in  spikes 
which  become  longer  in  fruit.     Common.     Summer. 

128.  Gaura    coccinea  NUTT.     (RED   GAURA.)      Low   and 
spreading,  flowers  pink  becoming  red.      Common.      Spring 
and  summer. 


Flora  of  Denv&r:  17 

LOASACE^E.    (Mentzelia  Family.) 

129.  Mentzelia  albicaulis  DOUGL.     Erect  with  simple   or 
branching  white  stems,  flowers  small  and  yellow,  seeds  warty. 
Along  the  Platte.     Spring  and  summer. 

130.  Mentzelia  nuda  T.  &  G.      (EVENING  STAR.)       Stems 
erect  and  branching   above.     Large  yellowish    white  flowers 
with  filaments  numerous  and  like  the  petals.     Seeds  winged. 
Common.     Summer  and  fall. 

131.  Mentzelia  multiflora    GRAY.     Stems   branching  dif- 
usely.      Flowers    numerous,   bright  yellow.      Seeds  winged. 
Along  the  D.  &  R.  G.  track  near  Valverde   Bridge  and  the 
South  Park  track  at  Valverde.     Summer. 

CUCURBIT  ACE^E.      (Squash  Family.) 

132.  Echinocystis  loba'ta  TORR.  &  GRAY.     (WILD  CUCUM- 
BER VINE.)     Common  in  cultivation.     Wild  along  the  Platte. 
Summer. 

CACTACE^. 

133.  Mamillaria     vivipara    HAW.     (BiRD's-NEST  CACTUS.) 
Globose,  flowers  rose  color,  fruit  a  berry.     On  the  North  Den- 
ver hills.      Spring. 

134.  Mamillaria  Missouriensis  SWEET.     Globose,  flowers 
yellow,  berries  scarlet.     North  Denver  hills.     Spring. 

135.  Cereus  viridiflorus  ENGELM.     Globose,  flowers  green- 
ish, radiating   spines  white  and    purple,  central  spine  long, 
white,  spreading  outward  and  upward.     Hills  near  Berkeley. 
Spring. 

136.  Opuntia  Rafinesquii  ENGELM.    (PRICKLY-PEAR.)    The 
flat  jointed  cactus  with  clusters  of  spines  sparingly  scattered 
and   yellow   flowers.     Berry   becoming  fleshy   and  often  red. 
Edible.     Along  the  Platte  and  on  the  plains. 


18  .Flora  of  Denver. 

137.  Opuntia  Missouriensis  DC.     (COMMON  CACTUS.)     The 
common  flat-jointed  cactus  with  numerous  clusters  of  spines. 
Flowers  yellow,  rarely  red  near  Denver.     Fruit  dry.     Common 
on  the  plains,  blooming  in  early  summer. 

UMBELLIFER^E.      (Parsley  Family.) 

138.  Heracleum  lanatum  MICHX.     (COW-PARSNIP.)     Tall 
and  stout,  large  ternately  compound  leaves  with  broad  leaflets, 
many  rayed  umbels  of  white  flowers.     Along  the  Platte  and 
Cherry  Creek.     Summer. 

139.  Peucedanum  nudicaule   NUTT.     On  the  hilte  at  Berk- 
eley in  spring. 

140.  Cymopterus  glomeratus  RAF.     The  earliest  bloomer 
on  the  plains.     Low  with  white  flowers  and  shiny  compound 
leaves.    .Carpels  winged. 

141.  Cymopterus  montanus   TORR.  &  GRAY.     Similar  to 
preceding,  flowers  pinkish  and  leaves  glaucous.     In  North  Den- 
ver.    It  is  likely  to  be  found  where  the  soil  is  adobe.    Early 
spring. 

142.  Musenium   trachyspermum  NUTT.     Low  branching 
from  near  the  root,  flowers  yellow,  fruit  rough.     North  Denver 
and  Valverde  hills.     Spring. 

143.  Cicuta  virosa  L.  var.  maculata   COULTER  &   ROSE. 
(POISON-HEMLOCK.)    Stout  and  tall,  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pin- 
nate with  lanceolate-acuminate  serrate  leaflets.     A  flat-topped 
umbel  of  white  flowers.     This  grows  in  the  water  and  is  found 
along  Cherry  Creek  and  the  Platte.     Summer. 

144.  Be'rula  angustifolia   KOCH.     A   slender,    branching 
marsh  plant  with  pinnately  compound    leaves,  leaflets   from 
toothed  to  incised.     Flowers  white,  involucre  and  involucels 
present. 

145    Pastinaca  sativa  L.  The  common  parsnip.  Introduced. 


Flora  of  Denver.  19 

CORNACE^E. 

146.  Cornus   stolonifera  MICHX.     (DOGWOOD.)     A   shrub 
with  reddish  stems,  cymes  of  white  flowers  and  fruit  white  or 
lead  color.     Along  the  Platte.     Summer. 

CAPRIFOLIACE^. 

147.  Symphoricarpo%occidentalis  HOOKER.  (SNOWBERRY.) 
A  shrub  with  thickish  leaves,  corolla  pink,  thick,  white  hairy 
within.     Berries  white.     Along  the  Platte, and  Cherry  Creek. 
Summer. 

148.  Lonicera  involucrata  BANKS.     This  was  reported  from 
near  Denver  by  Dr.  Smith  in  the  Flora  of  Colorado.     I  have 
not  found  it  in  the  locality. 

'  R.  u  6c'AC&d.e 

149.  Galium  Aparine  L.     (CLEAVERS.)     With  long  clinging 
stems  barbed  on  the  angles  of  the  stems,  the  margins  and  mid- 
ribs of  the  leaves;  leaves  about  eight  in  a  whorl.    Fruit  bristly. 
Along  the  Platte.     Summer. 

150.  Galium  boreale  L.     Erect,  small  white  flowers  in  a 
panicle.     Leaves  in  whorls  of  four.     Along  the  Platte.     Sum- 
mer. 

COMPOSITE. 

151.  Kuhnia  eupatorioides  L.     There  are  two  varieties;  one 
has  erect  stems  and  few  flowers  at  summit;  the  other  has  stems 
spreading  and  ascending,  flowers  numerous.     Along  the  Platte 
and  on  the  plains.     Fall. 

152.  Brickellia  grandiflora  NUTT.     Stems  branching  from 
the  base,  leaves  triangular-ovate,  crenate,  dentate  bracts  of  in- 
volucre striate.     Along  the  Platte.     Rare.     Summer. 

2 


20  Flora  of  Denver. 

•  153.  Liatris  punctata  BOOKER.  (PRINCE'S-PLUME.)  Stem 
simple,  leaves  linear,  stiff  and  spreading,  purple  flowers  in  a 
dense  spike,  pappus  plumose.  On  the  plains.  Fall. 

154.  Gutierrezia  Euthamiae  T.  &  G.     Many  stems   from 
near  the  root,  leaves  narrowly  linear,  more  glutinous  around 
the  cymes  of  small  yellow  heads;  pappus  chaffy.     Along  the 
Platte  in  the  fall. 

155.  Grindelia    squarrosa  DUNAL.     (GUM-PLANT,   ROSIN- 
WEED.)     Erect.     Involucre  very  viscid*and  with  recurved  tips, 
flowers  yellow.     Common  until  late  in  the  fall. 

156.  Chrysopsis   villosa  NUTT.     (GOLDEN  ASTER.)     Many 
stems  from  the  root,  hairy,  yellow  flowers  clustered  near  the 
ends  of  the  stems.     Common  on  the  plains.     Summer  and  fall. 

157.  Aplopappus  rubiginosus  TORR  &  GRAY.     Resembling 
Grindelia    squarrosa.     Erect,    paniculately    branched,    leaves 
spiny-toothed,  viscid   with  glandular  hairs.      Easily  distin- 
guished from  the  Grindelia  by  the  bristly  pappus.     North 
Denver.     Riverside  cemetery.     Summer  and  fall. 

158.  Aplopappus  spinulosus  DC.     Stems  branching  from 
base,  ascending,  lobes  of  the  pinnate  leaves  and  bracts  of  the 
involucre  bristle-tipped.     Common  on  the  plains.     Summer  to 
fall. 

159.  Bigelovia    graveolens   GRAY.     Shrubby  and  bushy, 
leaves  and  stems  usually  white,  yellow  flowers  clustered  in 
cymes  at  the  ends  of  stems.     Common  on  the  plains.     Fall. 

160.  Solidago  Canadensis  L.     (THE   TALL   GOLDEN-ROD.) 
Along  ditches  and  streams.     Summer  to  fall. 

161.  Solidago  nemoraiis  AIT.  var.  incanaGRAY.    Low  with 
leaves  an  inch  or  more  wide,  not  decreasing  much  upwards. 
Inflorescence  more  compact.     Along  the  Platte.     Summer  to 
all. 


Flora  of  Denver.  21 

162.  Solidago    rigida  L.     Stem  stout,  simple,  heads  in  a 
cyme,  herbage  scabrous  and  whole  plant  stiff.    Perrin's  meadow 
in  North  Denver.   Summer,  fall. 

163.  Solidago  occidentals  NUTT.     Spreading,  leafy,  with 
small  clusters  of  fragrant  flowers  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
receptacle  hairy  or  fringed.     Growing  near  water.     Fall. 

164.  Townsendia  sericea  HOOK.    Large  pink  flowers  sessile 
and  surrounded  by  the  leaves.     Growing  close  to  the  ground 
and  inclined  to  form  small  mats.     In  early  spring  in  North 
Denver. 

165.  Aster  Fendleri  GRAY.     Tall,  branching  above,  blue- 
rayed  flowers  almost  sessile  on  short  branchlets,  leaves  clasp- 
ing by  an  auriculate  base.     Along  the  Platte.     Fall. 

166.  Aster  ericoides  L.    Diffusely  branching,  leaves  linear, 
rays  white.     Along  the  Platte.     Fall. 

167.  Aster  multiflorus  AIT.     Branching   from   the   base, 
white  radiate  heads  crowded  on  the  branchlets.    Common.     Fall. 

168.  Aster  salicifolius  AIT.    Tall,  leaves  long  and  pointed, 
purple-rayed  flowers  rather  large  in  a  panicle  or  thyrse.     Along 
the  Platte.     Fall. 

169  A^ster  angustus  T.  &  G.  Numerous  branches  erect 
along  the  stem,  heads  rayless,  on.  short  stems,  pappus  soft  and 
snowy  white.  In  wet  places  in  North  Denver  and  along  the 
Platte. 

170.  Aster  canescens  PURSH.  var.  latifolius  GRAY.     Stems 
a  foot  or  two  high.     The  common  deep  purple  aster,  glandular, 
involucre  with  recurved  tips.     Fall. 

171.  Aster  tanacetifolius  HBK.      Stems  low  and  spread- 
ing, leaves  pinnatifid,  flowers  large,  rays  purple.     Spring  to  fall. 


22  Flora  of  Denrer. 

172.  Erfgeron  glabellus  NUTT.     Tall, leafy-stemmed,  heads 
nearly  an  inch  in  diameter,  rays  blue,  numerous.     Rare  along 
the  Platte  but  common  in  the  mountains.     Summer. 

173.  Erigeron  pumilus  NUTT.     Low  with  many  stems  from 
the  root,  very  hairy,  heads  glomerate,  flowers  clustered  at  tops 
of  the  stems.     Common  on  the  plains.     Spring. 

174.  Erigeron    compositus    PURSH.   var.    trifidus    GRAY. 
Forming  mats  on  gravelly  hills,  the  white-rayed  heads  on  scape- 
like  peduncles.    It  has  two  seasons,  blooming  early  in  thespring 
and  also  in  the  fall  if  the  season  is  not  too  dry.     Riverside  cem- 
etery.    North  Denver. 

175.  Erfgeron  canus  GRAY.     Stems  several  from  the  root 
from  6  in.  to  a  foot  high.     Entire  plant  canescent  with  fine 
white  appressed  hairs.     Rays  white  or  pink.     Near  Berkeley, 
not  common.     Spring  to  summer. 

176.  Erigeron  flagellaris  GRAY.     Easily  distinguished  by 
the  long  prostrate  runner-like  stems  which  root  at  the  joints* 
flowers  small,  rays  white  or  pink-tipped.     Along  the  Platte 
and  Cherry  Creek.     May  and  June. 

177.  Erfgeron  Bellidiastrum  NUTT.    Diffusely  branching, 
annual.    Small  heads  very  numerous,  rays  pale  blue.    Common. 
Summer. 

178.  Erigeron    strigosus    MUHL.      Annual,   from   one   to 
three  feet  high,  slender  and  branching  near  the  top.     Heads 
small,  rays  white.     Along  the  Platte.     Summer. 

179.  Erigeron  Canadensis  L.     Annual,  flowers  very  small 
and  numerous,  rays  inconspicuous.     A  common  weed.    Sum- 
mer to  fall. 

180.  Erigeron  divaricatus  MICHX.     With  very  small  pur- 
plish rays,  numerous  branches  ascending. 


Flora  of  Denver.  23 

181.  Antennaria  dioica  G^RTX.     (EVERLASTING-FLOWER.) 
Forming  mats,  bracts  of  the  involucre  papery,  white  or  pink, 
flowering  stems  low.     North  Denver  and  Berkeley.     Spring. 

182.  Antennaria    plantaginifolia  HOOK.       Similar  to   the 
above,  flowering  stems  much  taller  and  heads  smaller.     Clear 
Creek.     Not  common.     Summer. 

183.  Gnaphalium  Sprengelii  HOOK.  &  ARN.    Stems  leafy, 
leaves  sessile  covered  with  loose  white  wool.     Heads  clustered 
at  top  of  stems,  bracts  of  the  involucre  yellow  becoming  brown- 
ish.    North  Denver.     Fall. 

184.  Gnaphalium    strictum    GRAY.      Wool   of  stem   and 
leaves  close,  flowers  clustered  along  the  stem  at  the  axils,  bracts 
of  involucre  brownish.     Along  the  ditches.     Summer  and  fall. 

185.  Iva  xanthiifolia  NUTT.     A  tall  coarse  weed  with  op- 
posite broad  coarsely  serrate  leaves,  heads  panicled  at  top  of 
stem  often  becoming  a  dark  brown.     Summer  and  fall. 

186.  Iva  axillaris  PURSH.     About  a  foot  high,  drooping 
heads  solitary   in   the  axils  of  the  leaves.     North   Denver. 
Summer. 

187.  Ambrosia    trifida   L.      (RAGWEED.)      Tall,   opposite 
leaves  deeply  three  or  at  base  five-lobed,  fruit  with  spiny  pro- 
jections.    Common.     Fall. 

188.  Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia    L.      Branching    diffusely 
above,  leaves  dissected  into  narrow  divisions,  fruit  clustered, 
short-spined.     Common.     Fall. 

189.  Ambrosia  psilostachya  DC.     This  is  found  with  the 
preceding  but  can  easily  be  distinguished.     At  the  lower  part 
£f  stem,  divisions  of  leaves  broader;  fruit  solitary  and  without 
spines. 

190.  Franseria  Hookeriana  NUTT.     Branching  diffusely, 
leaves  bipinnatifid  broad,  white  hairy;  spines  of  the  fruit  re- 
curved, awl  shaped.     North  Denver.     Fall. 


24  Flora  of  Denver.  v 

191.  Xanthium  Canadense  MILL.  (CocKLE-BuR.)   Common 
along  the  streams,  fall. 

192.  Rudbeckia  hirta  L.     (CONE-FLOWER.)     Erect,  rough 
hairy,   rays    yellow;    disk   brownish-purple,  thimble-shaped. 
Along  the  Platte.     Summer. 

193.  Lepachys     columnaris    TORR.  &   GRAY.     (COLUMN- 
FLOWER.)    Stems  rather  tall,  usually  several   from  the  root, 
heads  often  solitary,  yellow  rays  reflexed,  disk  columnar,  dark 
brown.     Along  the  ditches  and  on  the  plains.     Common.     The 
var..pulcherrima  Torr.  &  Gray  is  also  found.     It  has  the  rays 
wholly  or  in  part  brownish  purple.     Along  the  Platte,  less 
common.     Summer. 

194.  Lepachys  Tagetes  GRAY.     Leaves  with  stiff  lobes, 
whitebristly, smaller  than  the  preceding.     Heads  much  smaller, 
rays  very  dark  brown.     Rare  in  North  Denver,  near  Rocky 
Mountain  Lake.     Fall. 

195.  Gymnolomia    multiflora  BENTH.  &  HOOK.     Simple 
stemmed  or  much  branched,  usually  with  numerous  heads  of 
yellow  flowers  an  inch  in  diameter.     Smaller  and  more  slender 
than  the  sun-flower.     Along  the  Platte,  summer  and  fall. 

196.  Helianthus  a'nnuus  L.    (SuN-FLOWER.)     The  common 
large  flowered  and  large  broad-leaved  sun-flower.     Summer  to 
fall. 

197.  Helianthus    pumilus  NUTT.     Chiefly  branched  from 
the  base,  very  stiff,  with  thick  stiff  rough  leaves,  disk  yellow. 
Berkeley  Hills.     Summer  and  fall. 

198.  Helianthus  petiolaris  NUTT.     A  foot  or  more  high, 
branching,  heads  usually  solitary  on  the  branchlets,  disk  dark 
brown,  heads  1J-2  inches  in  diameter.     The  common   sun- 
flower of  the  plains.     Summer  to  fall. 


Flora  of  Denver.  25 

igg.  Helianthus  Maximilian!  SCHRAD.  Stem  very  tall 
and  rough,  leaves  thick,  lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate,  usually 
keeled,  flowering  branches  at  the  top  of  the  stem.  North  Den- 
ver recently  introduced. 

200.  Verbesina    encelioides   CAV.      Usually    branching, 
leaves  ovate,  unevenly  serrate,  canescent;  rays  3-cleft,  akenes 
flat,  broadly  winged.     Introduced  within  six  years,  very  com- 
mon especially  in  North  Denver.     Summer  and  fall. 

201.  Coreopsis  tinctoria  NUTT.    Usually  tall  and  branched 
above.     Yellow  rays  brown  near  the  base,  disk  dark.     Rather 
rare.     Along  the  Platte.    Summer. 

202.  Bidens   frondo"sa  L.     (STICK-TIGHT.)     Heads  rayless, 
akenes  hairy  2-awned.     Along  the  ditches,  common,  late  sum- 
mer and  fall. 

203.  Bidens  cernua  L.     Heads    nodding  after  the    rays 
have  withered.     Summer   and  fall.     In  marshy  places  along 
the  Platte. 

204.  Bidens  chrysanthemoides  MICHX.    (BUR-MARIGOLD.) 
Heads  large  with  conspicuous  rays  not  nodding.     Common 
along  the  ditches.     Fall. 

205.  Bidens      tenuisecta     GRAY.        (SPANISH-NEEDLES.) 
Leaves  pinnately  dissected  into  narrow  divisions,  rays  yellow, 
longer  than  the  disk,  akenes  smooth   2-awned.     Along  the 
ditches,  late  summer. 

206.  Thelesperma  ambiguum  GRAY.     Diffusely  branch- 
ing, a  foot  high,  flowers  numerous,  rays  yellow,   disk  yellow, 
divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear.     This  is  usually  called 
Coreopsis  and  is  common  around  Denver.     Summer. 

207.  Thelesperma    gracile   GRAY.     Tall,  opposite  leaves 
scattered,  heads  rayless,  disk  yellow  turning  darker.     North 
Denver.     Summer. 


26  Flora  of  Denver. 

2c8.  Bahia  oppositifolia  NUTT.  Stems  low,  with  many  erect 
branches  white-pubescent,  rays  few  and  small,  heads  small. 
This  forms  patches  in  damp,  alkali  spots.  North  Denver. 
Valverde.  Summer. 

209.  Bahia  chrysanthemoides  GRAY.     Compound  leaves 
clustered  near  the  root,  more  scattered  and  much  smaller  along 
the  stem,  which  is  diffusely  branched  above.     Rays  yellow, 
spreading.     The  head  has  the  appearance  of  a  yellow  broad- 
rayed  dais}r.     Rare  along  the  Platte.     Late  summer. 

210.  Hymenopappus    filifolius      HOOK.       White-woolly, 
leaves  pinnately  twice  parted  into  narrow  divisions,  heads  ray- 
less,  numerous  on  the  slender  almost  leafless  stems.     Valverde 
Hills.     Summer. 

211.  Chaenactis  Douglasii  HOOK.  &  ARN.    Leaves  scattered 
near  the  root,  twice  parted   into  thick  blunt  divisions,  white 
cottony  heads  in  a  diffuse  cyme,  rayless,  akenes  with  chaffy 
fringed  scales.     Valverde  Hills.     Summer. 

212.  Helenium  autumnale     L.      (SXEEZE-WEED.)       Steins 
tall,  leafy,  simple  below,  winged;    heads  cymosely  arranged, 
disk  yellow  and  globular,  rays  small  3-lobed,  yellow,  reflexed. 
Along  the  Platte  near  Valverde.     Fall.     Not  common. 

213.  Dysodia    chrysanthemoi'des     LAG.      (FETID-MARI- 
GOLD.)    Low,  diffuse   with  ascending   branches,  whole   plant 
dotted  with  brown  glands  which  are  largest  on  the  rays.    Pap- 
pus purple-tipped,  heads  numerous  on  short  branchlets,  odor 
very  strong  and    unpleasant.     Along  the  ditches.     Common. 
Fall. 

214.  Hymenatherum  aureum  GRAY.    Low, much  branched, 
leaves  alternate,  pinnately  parted  into  blunt  filiform  divisions, 
rays  yellow,  pappus  of  fringed  scales.     Odor  not  unpleasant 
A  few  plants  used  to  grow  in  the  vacant  lots  on  Stout  Street  be- 
tween Twenty-third  and  Twenty-fourth  Streets.     Summer. 


Flora  of  Denver.  27 

215.  Anthemis   Cotula   L. .  (MAYWEED.)      (DOG-FENNEL.) 
Sparingly  introduced.     North  Denver. 

216.  Achillea  Millefolium  L.     (YARROW.)     Rays  of  small 
heads  from  white  to  rose  color.     Along  the  Platte,  Clear  Creek, 
and  Cherry  Creek.     Summer  to  fall. 

217.  Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum  L.    (Ox-EYE  DAisy. v 
WHITE  WEED.)     Sparingly  introduced  along  the  Platte. 

218.  Artemisia  biennis  WILLD.    WORMWOOD.    Stem  usu- 
ally solitary,  very  leafy  panicle  pyramidal,  the  small  greenish 
brown  almost  sessile  heads  crowded  on  the  branchlets.     Com- 
mon.    Summer  and  fall.     Strong  odor. 

219.  Artemisia   ftigida   WILLD.      Stems   many  from   the 
root,  very  white  with  silky  hairs,  about  a  foot  high;  leaves 
much  divided  into  linear  lobes,  heads  panicled,  loosely  clus- 
tered on  the1  branchlets,  drooping.     Common  on    the   plains 
and  in  the  mountains.     It  is  used  as  a  tea  in  mountain  fever. 
Summer  and  fall. 

220.  Artemisia  Canadensis  MlCHX.      Leaves  clustered  at 
the  root  twice  parted  into  linear  lobes,  upper  leaves  more  sim- 
ple and  somewhat  white-woolly,  panicle  narrow,  heads  small 
and  smooth,  slightly  drooping.     Along  the  Platte.     Fall. 

221.  Artemisia  tridentata   NUTT.    (BLACK  SAGE.)     Much 
branched,  woody,  canescent  leaves  with  three  obtuse  teeth  or 
lobes  at  the  truncate  apex.     North  Denver.     Fall 

222.  Artemisia  Ludoviciana  NUTT.    Branching  somewhat 
from  the  base,  herbage  very  white  with   cottony  pubescence 
which  can  be  rubbed  off,  branches  of  the  panicle  erect,  heads 
almost  sessile  and  erect,  leaves  entire  or  few  toothed.     Com- 
mon.    Fall. 


28  Flora  of  Denver. 

223.  Artemisia  filifolia   TORR.     Shrubby,  branches   very 
numerous  from  the  lower  stems,  slender  leaves  2  to  3-parted  or 
entire  with  filiform  divisions,  heads  very  small,  short;  racemes 
of  the  narrow  panicle  surpassed  by  the  leaves  at  the  base. 
Whole  plant  whitened  with  close  minute  tomentum.     Com- 
mon in  North  Denver.     The  flower  buds  often  become  infested 
with  a  gall  fly  the  larva?  of  which  inhabit  the  buds.     Fall. 

224.  Artemisia  dracunculoides     PURSH.        Smooth    with 
leaves  either  entire  or  3-cleft,  branching,  with   many  small 
heads.     On  the  Denver  plains. 

225.  Senecio  aureus  L.  var.  compactus  GRAY.      One  of 
the  numerous  varieties  of  this  variable  species.    Low,  sparingly 
woolly,  leaves  irregularly  lobed ;  thickish  heads  in  a  spreading 
cyme;  rays  and  disk  yellow.     The  early  and  common  spring 
Senecio. 

226.  Senecio  Douglasii  DC.     Stems   usually   many   from 
the  root,  leafy  with  pinnately  parted  leaves,  divisions  long  and 
linear,  thick,  rays  yellow,  £  inch  long,  heads  in  a  spreading 
many-flowered  cyme.     Common  in  the  fall. 

227.  Cnicus    ochroce'ntrus     GRAY.   *  (THISTLE.)      Stout, 
leaves  and  stem  white  tomentose,  prickles  long  and  yellow; 
disk  white  or  crimson,  bracts  of  the  involucre  sticky,  tipped 
with  a  broad   stout  spreading  yellow  prickle.      Common  in 
early  summer. 

228.  Cnfcus  undulatus  GRAY.      Similar,  but  neither  so 
tall  nor  so  stout,  heads  smaller,  prickles  of  the  involucre  short 
and  rather  weak.     In  North  Denver.     Fall. 

229.  Cichorum    Intybus     L.        (CHICORY.)       Introduced 
around  Italian  gardens  in  North  Denver. 

230.  Stephanomeria  runcinata  NUTT.     Diffusely  spread- 
ing, small  pink  flowers,  numerous  near  the  ends  of  branches, 


•    Flora  of  Denver.  291 

which  are  almost  leafless,  or  with  bract-like  leaves.  It  can 
readily  be  distinguished  from  Lygodesmia  by  the  plumose 
pappus  instead  of  hair-like  bristles.  Near  Denver.  Summer. 

231.  Tragopbgon  porrifolius  L.    (OYSTER-PLANT,  SALSIFY.) 
Escaped  from  cultivation.     Summer. 

232.  Cre'pis    intermedia    GRAY.       Ashy,    leaves    oblong- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  irregularly  dentate  or  laciniate,  taper- 
ing; heads  of  yellow  flowers  in  a  corymb;  akenes  almost  black, 
ten-ribbed ;  pappus  about  equaling  akenes,  very  soft  and  white. 
Berkeley.    Spring. 

233.  Lygodesmia  juncea  DON.    Diffusely  branching  from 
a  perennial   root,  'stems  striate,  leafless  except  for  occasional 
scale-like   leaves;   lower  leaves  parted,  divisions   linear,  rays 
pink.     Common  and  variable  in  flowers,  leaves,  and  stems. 
Summer. 

234.  Lygodesmia   rostrata  GRAY.      Annual,   erect,   leafy 
1  leads  small,   numerous  in  a  corymbed  panicle  with   erect 
branches;  akenes  tapering  at  summit,  rays  light  pink  soon 
fading.    North  Denver.    Along  the  Platte  near  Valverde.    Late 


235.  Troximon    glaucum  NUTT.       (PRAIRIE-DANDELION.) 
Perennial,   without  a  stem;     leaves  linear-lanceolate,   wavy 
margined,  somewhat  white  wool-ly;  large  heads  of  yellow  flow- 
ers with  rays   often    brown-tinged.     On    the   plains   in  early 
spring.     A  variety  of  this  variable  species  is  found  along  the 
Platte  under  the  trees.     It  has  very  long  leaves  sparingly 
laciniate,  and  small  long-stalked  heads  of  brownish  flowers. 

236.  Taraxacum  Officinale  WEBER.     The  common  East- 
ern dandelion  introduced  in  grass  seed.    Along  the  ditches  and 
on  lawns,  etc. 


-30  Flora  of  Denver. 

237.  Lactuca  Canadensis  L.     Usually  tall,  sometimes  nine 
feet;  leaves  hairy  on  the  mid  vein,  runcinate  pinnatifid;  heads 
small,  crowded  in  a  diffuse  panicle,  rays  yellow.     Along  the 
Platte.     Summer. 

238.  Lactuca  Ludoviciana  DC.     Stem  erect,  simple  to  the 
diffusely  branching  almost  leafless  panicle;  leaves  veiny,  au- 
riculate  clasping,  spiny  on  the  midrib  and  spiny-toothed  on 
the  margins;  heads  of  small   yellow   flowers   numerous   ex- 
panded for  a  short  time  in   the   morning.     They  seem   like 
little  stars  all  along  the  stem.     Common  in  waste  grounds.     I 
believe  that  it  is  introduced  around  Denver. 

239.  Lactuca   pulchella   DC.     Bright   blue   flowers   con- 
spicuous in  the  morning;  rays  nearly  half  an  inch  long.     It 
looks  like  an  aster,  but  the  flowers  all  have  rays,  and  the  juice 
is  milky.     Common  along  streams.     Summer. 

240.  Sonchus  oleraceus  L.     (Sow-TniSTLE.)     Introduced 
sparingly. 

241.  Sonchus  asper  VILL.     (SPINY-LEAVED  SOW-THISTLE.) 
Sparingly  introduced. 

LOBELIACE^E. 

242.  Lobelia    syphilitica    L.      Simple-stemmed,    flowers 
blue,  sometimes  fose  colored  or  white,  in  racemes,  found  in 
swampy  places  in  the  fall.     It  might  be  mistaken  for  a  Pen- 
stemon,  but  can  readily  be  distinguished  by  the  milky  juice 
and  the  corolla  open  to  the  base  on  one  side. 

CAMPANULACE^E. 

243.  Specularia  perfoliata  A.  DC.     I  found  a  plant  years 
ago  along  the  Platte  near  the  C.  C.  Bridge.     I  have  not  seen 
it  since. 


Flora  of  Denver.  31 

244.  Campanula  rotundifolia  L.     The  common  hair-bell, 
with  erect  buds  and   nodding  capsules.     Along  the   Platte. 
Summer. 

245.  Campanula  aparinoides  PURSH.     Flower  buds  droop- 
ing, capsule  erect;  corolla  smaller  and  more  deeply  cleft  than 
the  preceding.     Along  the  Platte.     I  found  this  several  years 
ago  near  Smith's  Bridge,  but  have  not  seen  it  since- 

PRIMULACE^E. 

246.  Steironema  ciliatum  RAF.     Branching;  yellow  flow- 
ers solitary  in  the  axils  on  long  pedicels,  nodding.     Summer. 

247.  Glaux    maritima   L.     Stems    many   from   the   root, 
which  has  running  root-stalks;  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  flowers 
small,  pink,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  numerous  leaves.     Along 
the  Platte  near  the  Twenty-third  Street  viaduct  in  a  low,  damp 
place.     Spring. 

APOCYNACE.E.     (Dog-Bane  Family.) 

248.  Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.     Diffusely  branched 
above,  drooping  clusters  of  small  bell-shaped  pink  flowers  near 
the  ends  of  the  branches.     Rather  rare.     Berkeley,  near  Clear 
Creek. 

249.  Apocynum  cannabinum  L.     Tall  and  erect,  branch- 
ing near  the  top;  small  white  flowers  in  a  close  cyme.     Com- 
mon in  wet  places  along  the  Platte,  and  sometimes  along  the 
ditches.     Perrin's  Meadow,  in  North  Denver. 

ASCLEPIADACE^E.     (Silk- Weed  Family.) 

250.  Asclepias  speciosa   TORE.     (MILKWEED.)     Tall   and 
simple-stemmed,  leaves  large  and   leathery,  short  petioled; 
flowers  large,  pink  and  purple;  pods  large,  erect  on  deflexed 
pedicels,  covered  with   soft  prickle-like  processes.     Common. 
Summer. 


32  Flora  of  Denver. 

251.  Asclepias  verticillata  L.  var.  pumila  GRAY.  Low, 
with  crowded  filiform  leaves;  umbels  near  the  top  of  simple 
erect  stems;  flowers  small  and  white.  Rather  common  near 
City  Park.  North  Denver.  Summer. 

352.  Asclepias  auriculata  ENGJELM.  Leaves  very  long  and 
linear,  alternate  and  numerous,  flowers  in  close  umbels  in  the 
axils,  not  numerous,  flowers  greenish.  This  is  the  Acerates 
auriculata  Engelm  of  Coulter's  Manual.  It  has  recently  been 
united  with  Asclepias  stenaphylla  Gray,  under  the  oldest  name. 
Rather  common,  North  Denver,  near  Valverde,  and  toward 
Montclair.  Summer. 

253.  Acerates  viridiflora  Ell  GRAY.  Leaves  ovate  or 
'oblong-lanceolate,  umbels  few,  flowers  greenish.  Rare,  Berke- 
ley, near  Clear  Creek,  Valverde.  Summer. 

GENTIANACE^E.     (Gentian  Family.) 

254  Eustoma  Russellianum  GRISEB.     Glaucous,  simple- 
stemmed  except  above  where  the  inflorescence  usually  becomes 
loosely  cymose,  flowers  often   solitary;    corolla  large,  funnel- 
form  with  a  spreading  border,  divisions  blue  with  a  dark  spot 
at  base,  fringe  toothed  at  the  top.     This  is  a  biennial,  and  is 
rare.     I  found  it  near  the  boulevard  in  North  Denver  several 
years  ago.     The  low,  wet  place  was  filled  up,  and  it  was  buried. 
This  year  I  found  it  at  Valverde,  a  single  plant.     It  was  also 
found  by  Miss  Helen  Thompson  on  their  ranch  out  on  the 
Broadway  road  not  far  from  Denver. 

255  Gentialna  calycosa  GRISEB.     (BLUE-GENTIAN.)     This 
has  large  tubular  blue  corollas  that  do  not  spread  open.     The 
flowers  are  few,  clustered  in  the  upper  axils.     This  was  found 
by  Miss  E.  Eaton  along  Clear  Creek,  about  six  miles  from  the 
city.     Summer. 

POLEMONIACE^E. 

256.  Phlox  Douglasii  HOOK.  This  is  low  and  spreading, 
with  salver-shaped  pink  flowers.  Rare  near  Denver,  but  for- 
merly common  along  Park  Avenue.  Spring. 


Flora  of  Denver.  33 

257.  Gilia  linearis  GRAY.     Usually  simple-stemmed,  some- 
times branched  diffusely  from  near  the  base;  sticky,  especially 
around   the   flowers,   corolla   pink,   with   yellow   tube,  small. 
•Along  the  Platte;  Clear  Creek,  near  Berkeley.     Summer. 

258.  Gilia  gracilis   HOOK.     Low  and  spreading;    flowers 
scattered,  numerous,  very  small,  pink  with   yellowish   tube; 
capsules  becoming  large  and  noticeable;  seeds  without  muci- 
lage.    Common  in  early  spring  on  the  plains. 

259.  Gflia  longiflora  DON.    Diffusely  spreading,  flowers  very 
numerous  on  slender  stalks,  corolla  pale  blue  or  white,  salver 
form  with  a  long  tube.    Spring  to  fall.    Often  with  flowers  and 
dry  seed  pods  on  same  plant. 

260.  Gilia   pungens   BENTH.      Low    and    spreading,  with 
woody   stems;   leaves   spiny,   numerous,   and   small;    corolla 
white,  fragrant      This  blooms  in  the  evening  and  the  flowers 
close  the  next  morning.     The  plants  have  the  appearance  of 
tiny  Coniferse.     Common  on  the  plains.     Early  summer. 

261.  Gilia  aggregata  SPRENG.     (RED  GILIA.)     Stems  tall, 
simple,  or   branching;  the   long  salver-form  scarlet  or  white 
corollas  in  a  close  panicle,  leaves  with  narrow  linear  divisions. 
Along  the  Platte.     Summer  to  fall. 

262.  Gilia^pinnatifida  NUTT.     Leaves  clustered  at  the  root, 
stem  simple  and  branched  above,  or  sometimes  diffusely  spread- 
ing from  the  base.    Flowers  very  numerous  in  a  much  branched 
panicle.     Corolla  white-veined   or  mottled   with   light    blue. 
Stamens  with  blue  filaments,  anthers  conspicuous  and  longer 
than  the  corolla.     Along  the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek,  Clear 
Creek.     Summer  to  fall.     It  grows  in  sandy  places  along  the 
river  bottom. 

263.  Gilia  inconspicua  DOUGL.     Slender,  erect,  branching 
above,  about  a  foot  high;  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  di- 
vided into  short,  narrow,  bristle-pointed  lobes;  corolla  small, 


34  Flora  of  Denver. 

light  blue  with  yellowish  tube;  whole  plant  somewhat  sticky. 
Formerly  common  near  the  old  Ladies'  Relief  Hospital. 
Spring  and  early  summer. 

264.  Polemonium    foliosissimum   GRAY.     Sticky,  leafy- 
stemmed,  flowering  stems  arranged  in  a  cyme;  flowers  numer- 
ous, blue,  about  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  style  longer  than 
the  filaments  and  exceeding  the  corolla.     Along  Clear  Creek, 
near  Berkeley.    Rare. 

HYDROPHYLLACE^E.     (Water-leaf  Family.) 

265.  Ellisia  Nyctelea  L.     Tender  and  succulent,  diffusely 
spreading,  leaves  pinnately  parted,  flowers  usually  solitary  in 
the  axils,  small  corolla  light  blue  or  white  exceeded  by  the 
calyx.    Common  on  the  plains  and  along  the  streams.    Spring 
and  summer. 

266.  Phacelia  circinata  JACQ  f.     This  is  a  coarse-looking 
perennial,  many-stemmed  from  the  base,  whitish  with  bristly 
hairs;  leaves  broad  lanceolate,  often  with  one  or  two  pairs  of 
small    leaflets  at   base  of    petiole.      Inflorescence  circinate, 
densely  flowered,  very  bristly,  corolla  white  or  rarely  violet, 
with  stamens  extending  beyond.     Common  along  the  Platte 
and  Cherry  Creek,  also  along  the  ditches.     Summer. 

267.  Phacelia  Neo-Mexicana  THURBER.    Hairy  and  sticky, 
leaves  twice  pinnatifid  with  blunt  lobes.    Found  in  fruit  along 
the  Platte  beyond  Overland  Park.     Coulter's  Manual  describes 
the  flowers  as  white  with  the  stamens  much  exserted.     Spring 
and  summer. 

BORAGINACE^:. 

268.  Heliotropium  Curassavicum    L.     Smooth,   glaucous 
and  fleshy,  diffusely  spreading,  flowers  white  with  a  yellow  cen- 
ter, in  a  dense  circinate  cluster,,  becoming   black   in  drying. 
Near  Sloan's  Lake.     Summer. 


Flora  of  Denver.  35 

269.  Echinospermum  Redowskii  LEHM.  var.  occidentale 
WATSON.     (BEGGAR-LICE.)     Easily  known  by  the  small,  light 
blue  flowers  and  the  small  sharp-awned  burs.     Very  common 
on  the  plains. 

270.  Krynitzkia  crassisepala  TORE,.  &   GRAY.      Diffusely 
branching,  round  and  becoming  a  tumble  weed,  white  with 
bristly  hairs,  very  rough,  calyx  becoming  thick  at' the  base  and 
inclosing  the  'nutlets;  one  is  ^mooth  and  the  rest  are  white, 
warty.     On  the  plains.     Summer. 

271.  Krynitzkia  Patterson!  GRAY.     Branches  more  slen- 
der.    Flowers  much  smaller,  calyx  not  so  thickened,  akene  us- 
ually only  one,  smooth.     Similar  to  the  above  in  other  char- 
acteristics.    North  Denver.     Summer. 

272.  Krynftzkia  Jamesii  TORR.      White   hairy  with  close 
hairs  which  become  bristly  and  spreading  when  the  fruit  is 
ripe.     Flowers  with  yellow  appendages  in  the  throat,  nutlets 
narrowly  margined,  smooth  and  shining,  flattened  on  top  in, 
two  pairs.     North  Denver,  on  the  plains.     Summer. 

273.  Krynitzkia  virgata    PORTER.      Tail   and    columnar, 
blooming  from  near  the  base  of  the  simple  stem,  flowers  clus- 
tered in  "the  axils  of  the  leaves,  white  corollas  with  ten  small 
scales  within  the  tube,  very  bristly,  especially  when  old.    Along 
the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek.     Summer. 

274.  Mertensialanceolata  DC.     (BLUEBELLS.)     Glaucous, 
branching  from  the  base,  flowers  in  a  close  panicle  which  be- 
comes loosely  spreading  with  age,  corolla  blue.     Clear  Creek 
near  Berkeley.    Along  the  Platte  near  Overland  Park.    Spring. 

275.  Lithospermum  pilosum  NUTT.     Reported  from  near 
Denver  by  Dr.  Smith  and  B.  H.  Smith  in  the  Flora  of  Colo- 
rado of  Parry  and  Coulter. 

276.  Lithospermum  hfrtum  LEHM.      Found  near  Denver 
by  Dr.  Smith. 


36  Flora  of  Denver. 

277.  Lithospermum   angustifolium   MICHX.      Branching 
from  the  woody  root,  corolla  large,  bright  yellow,  tube  long, 
flowers  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  the  later  plants  spread- 
ing diffusely  with  inconspicuous  flowers.     Common,  the  large 
flowered  blooming  in  spring,  the  small  flowered  in  late  summer 
or  fall. 

278.  Onosmodium  Carolinianum    DC.     Stout  and    rough, 
corolla    tubular  with    green    lobes,   hairy  stigma  protruding, 
common  along  the  Platte  and  on  the  plains  where  it  is  not 
too  dry.     Summer. 

CONVOLVULACE^E.     (Morning  glory  Family.) 

279.  Ipomcea  leptophylla  TOKR.     (THE  MORNING-GLORY 
BUSH.)     This  is  easily  known  by  its  spreading  branches  from 
an  immense   taproot,  its   linear   leaves,  and  numerous  large, 
crimson,  funnel-shaped  flowers.     Never  found  far  from  water, 
but  on  the  open  plains.     Summer. 

280.  Convolvulus  sepium    L.      (MORNING-GLORY   VINE.)" 
Climbing  over   the  shrub?,  etc.,  along   the   Platte  and  Clear 
Creek.    The  var.  repens  Gray,  is  prostrate  and  white  pubescent 
It  grows  in  fields.     Summer. 

281.  Convolvulus  incanus  VAHL.     Stems  slender,  running 
along  the  ground  or  over  low  herbs,  leaves  various,  usually 
arrow-shaped,  corolla  not  an  inch  across,  white,  tinged  with 
pink.     Calyx  free  from  bracts. 

282.  Evolvulus  argenteus  PURSH.     Low,  branching  from 
the  base,  erect,  densely  covered  with  soft,  long  appressed  hairs, 
flowers  axillary  on  short  stalks  which  are   deflexed  in  fruit, 
corolla  rose  color  or   blue.     On    the   plains,  rather  common. 
Summer. 

283.  Cuscuta  decora  CHOISY.    (DODDER.)    A  parasite  with 
yellow  steins  and  clusters  of  white,  waxy  flowers.     It  appar- 
ently grows  on  all  kinds  of  .herbaceous  plants.     Summer. 


Flora  of  Denver.  37 

SOLANACE^E.     (Potato  Family.) 

284.  Solanum  triflorum  NUTT.     (NIGHT-SHADE.)      Berries 
green  when  ripe.     Common.     Summer  to  fall. 

285.  Solanum  nigrum  L.     Berries  almost  black  when  ripe, 
smaller  than  the  preceding.     Common.     Summer  to  fall. 

286.  Sola'num  rostra'tum  DUNAL.     Very  bristly,  especially 
the  calyx,  which  incloses  the  fruit,  flowers  bright  yellow,  sterile 
filament  beaked,  often  tinged  with  purple;  flowers  numerous 
in  a  raceme.     Common  along  ditches.     Summer  to  fall. 

287.  Physalis  angulata  L.     (GROUND-CHERRY.)     Reported 
by  Dr.  Smith. 

288.  Physalis  pube'scens  L.     Whole  plant  viscid;  leaves 
very  broad,  almost  round,  entire  or  with  a  few  blunt  teeth 
along  the  sides;  flower  yellow,  witli  a  dark  eye.     Summer  and 
fall. 

289.  Physalis  Virginiana  L.    Viscid,  leaves  rather  crowded, 
much  smaller  than  the  preceding;  flower  larger,  with  a  dark 
eye.     Summer  and  fall. 

290.  Physalis  lanceolata  MICHX.     Not  viscid,  leaves  usu- 
ally lanceolate  and  wavy  margined,  sometimes  ovate.     Sum- 
mer and  fall. 

291.  Physalis   lobata   TORR.     Covered    with   little   white 
grains,  leaves  mostly  sinuate,  prostrate,  flowers  purple  or  white. 
North  Denver.     Summer. 

292.  Datura  Stramonium    L.     (THORN- APPLE.)     (JAMES- 
TOWN-WEED.)   Introduced  along  the  Burlington  railroad  track, 
near  Thirty-first  Street.     It  has  also  been  found  along  Cherry 
Creek,  and  is  quite  abundant  at  Golden. 

SCROPHULARIA'CEvflE.     (Figwort  Family.) 

293.  Scrophularia    nodosa   L.     Tall,   flowers   in    a   long 
panicle  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  corolla  dull  purple.     Common 
along  the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek. 


38  Flora  of  Denver. 

294.  Penstemon   glaber   PURSH.     Stems   usually   several 
from  the  root,  glaucous,  corolla  swollen  above  the  tube,  sterile 
filament  with  a  few  hairs  at  top,  leaves  broad  and  clasping 
Common  along  the  Platte  in  sandy  places.     Summer. 

295.  Penstemon  secundiflorus  BENTH.     Tall,  stem  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  the  pairs  an  inch  or  two  apart,  flowers  blue 
or  purplish,  in  a  one-sided  thyrse,  sterile  filament  dilated  at 
the   tip,  and   usually  smooth.     Along   the   Platte   and  Clear 
Creek,  generally  in  the  shade  of  the  trees.     Summer. 

296.  Penstemon    acuminatus     DOUGL.     Glaucous,    stem 
leaves   ovate-acuminate,  clasping;    flowers   in  an  interrupted 
thyrse,  corolla  lilac  to  a  darker  shade,  sterile  filament  densely 
bearded,  curved.     This  grows  on  hillsides,  Valverde,  Berkeley. 
It  is  earlier  than  the  two  preceding,  and  in  bloom  in  May  and 
June. 

297.  Penstemon    caeruleus    NUTT.     Stems    simple,    erect, 
densely   flowered;   corolla   azure,  leaves   and   stem   glaucous, 
leaves  lanceolate  and  long,  often  somewhat  keeled.     Common 
on  the  plains  in  spring. 

298.  Penstemon  albidus  NUTT.  *  Viscid  all  over,  about  a 
foot  or  so  high,  flowers  whitish.     Rather  common  on  the  plains. 
Spring. 

290.   Penstemon  gracilis  NUTT.     This  has  serrate  leaves 
and  a^  lilac  corolla.     Found  by  Miss  Eaton  on  Clear  Creek. 

300.  Mimulus  Ja'mesii  TORE.  &  GRAY.     Leaves  far  apart 
on  the  long  slender  stems,  round  and  often  slightly  reniform, 
flowers  yellow.     Along  the  Platte  and  Clear  Creek.     Summer. 

301.  Mimulus  ringens  L.     Stems  tall  and    erect,  angled, 
simple,  flowers  blue,  on  long  stalks.     Rare.     Along  the  Platte 
near  Valverde.     Summer. 

302.  Veronica  Americana  L.     Stems  spreading  diffusely 
on  the  ground,  racemes  numerous  in  the  axils  of  the  opposite 
leaves,  corolla  blue,  falling  soon ;  pods  swollen,  leaves  usually 


Flora  of  Denver.  39 

short  petioled,  ovate,  serrate.    Growing  in  marshy  places  along 
the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek,     Spring  and  summer. 

303.  Veronica  peregrfna  L.     Stems  erect,  flowers  in   the 
axils  of  the  leaves  on  short  stalks,  pods  obcordate.     Common 
along  the  ditches.     Summer. 

304.  Gerardia  tenuifolia  VAHL.     Steins  simple  up  to  the 
inflorescence,  where  it  branches  into  several  racemes,  corolla 
rose  color,  pods   round,  half  covered   by  the  toothed  calyx. 
The  form  here  is  var.  macrophylla  Benth.     Found  in  marshy 
places  along  the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek.     Fall. 

305.  Castilleia  Integra  GRAY.    (PAINTER'S  BRUSH.)    Stems 
erect,  usually  branching, from    near   the   base,  bracts   bright 
scarlet,  covering  all  the  flowers  except  the  long  beak  of  the 
corolla,  which  extends  nearly  an  inch  beyond.     On  the  Val- 
verde  and  Berkeley  hills.     Spring  to  fall. 

306.  Orthoca'rpus    luteus     NUTT.     Erect,   simple,   leafy- 
stemmed,  viscid  and   hispid,  corolla  yellow  with  an  inflated 
sac-like  lower  lip.     The   leaves  and   bracts  are   not  colored. 
Rare,  Clear  Creek,  near  Berkeley.     Summer. 

OROBANCHA'CE/E.     (Broom-Rape  Family.) 

307.  Aphyllon  fasciculatum  GRAY.     Stem  white  or  brown- 
ish, flowers  tinged  with  purple,  on  long  peduncles.     Parasite 
on  sagebrush,  the  root   is  round  and  fleshy.     South   Denver. 
Summer. 

308.  Aphyllon  Ludovicianum  GRAY.     Spikes  densely  flow- 
ered, often  compound  or  several  from  the  same  root.     Para- 
sitic on  sagebrush  or  Bigelovia.     Less  common  than  the  pre- 
ceding.    North  Denver,  near  Argo.     Summer. 

VERBENACE/E.     (Verbena  Family.) 

309.  Verbena  hastata  L-     Tall,  leafless   spikes  numerous 
and  clustered   at   top  of  the  stem,  corolla   blue.     Along   the 
Platte.     Summer  to  fall. 


40  Flora  of  Denver. 

310.  Verbena  stricta  VENT.      Erect   and    densely  leaved, 
white  hairy  all  over,  flowers  in  dense  spikes  at  the  top  of  the 
stem,  but  leafy  at  the  base  of  the  clusters.     Near  Montclair. 
Summer. 

311.  Verbena  bracteosa  MICHX.    Decumbent  stems  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  leaves  variously  cut  on  the  margins,  spikes 
dense,  bracts  leafy,  flowers  small,  corolla  blue.     Very  common 
on  the  plains.     Summer  to  fall. 

312.  Verbena  Aubletia  L.     This  resembles  the  cultivated 
Verbena  in  the  shape  of  the  flower  clusters  and  manner  of 
growth,   corolla   large,   dark    lilac.     Valverde,   on    the   hills. 
Early  summer. 

313.  Lippia  lanceolata'  MICHX.      Stems    many,  long  and 
creeping,  leaves  narrowed  to  the  stalk,  serrate  above;  flowers  in 
a  dense  head  which  becomes  spike-like  with  age.    Corolla  pink. 

LABIAT/E.     (Mint  Family.) 

314.  Mentha  Canadensis  L.     (MiNT.)     Small  lilac  flowers, 
clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.    Common  along  the 
ditches.     Summer. 

315.  Mentha  viridis  L.     (SPEARMINT.)     Escaped  from  cul- 
tivation.    North  Denver.     Summer. 

316.  Lycopus  sinuatus  ELL.     (WATER-HOREHOUND.)    The 
few  sessile  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  sharply  serrate 
leaves,  calyx  with  five  long,  awn-like  divisions.     Along  the 
ditches,  etc.     Common.     Summer. 

317.  Pycnanthemum  lanceolatum  PURSH.    Reported  from 
near  Denver  by  Dr.  Smith. 

318.  Hedeoma  hispida  PURSH.     Stems  simple  or  branched 
below  into   simple   branches,  flowers  clustered  all   along  the 
stems  in  the  axils  of  the  short  linear  leaves.     Corolla  small, 
blue,  as  long  as  the  two-lipped  bristly  calyx.    Along  the  Platte 
near  Valverde.     Summer.     It  grows' in  dense  patches. 


Flora  of  Denver.  41 

319.  Salvia  lanceolata   WILLD.      From    low   and    simple- 
stemmed  to  tall  and  brandling  diffusely,  corolla  blue,  small 
but  exceeding   the  calyx,  which    is  persistent   and    becomes 
brown  when  dry.     Usually  Mowers  and  fruit  on  same  plant  at 
the  same  time.    Summer  anil  fall. 

320.  Monarda  fistulosa   L.      (WILD    BERGAMOT.)      Sweet 
scented,  heads  of  large  purple  flowers  at  the  top  of  the  stem 
with  an  involucre  of  green  bracts.     Along  the  Platte.     Sum- 
mer. 

321.  Monarda   citriodora  CERV.      (HORSE-MINT.)      Stems 
many  from  the  root,  flowers  densely  clustered    in  the  upper 
axils,  bracts  and  calyx  teeth  having  branching  bristles  that 
are  often  purplish,  corolla  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx.     On  the 

•plains.     Summer. 

322.  Nepeta  Cataria  L.     (CATNIP.)     Introduced  along  the 
Platte  near  Valverde. 

323.  Dracocephalum  parviflorum  NUTT.    (DRAGON-HEAD.) 
Tall,  branching  from  the  base,  flowers  in  a  spike  at  the  top  of 
the  stems,  bracts  numerous,  bristle-toothed,  calyx  two-lipped, 
upper  lip  ovate-acuminate,  lower  3-cleft,  all  .bristle- tipped;  co- 
rolla small,  lilac,  almost  concealed  by  the  calyx  and  bracts. 
Along  the  Platte      Summer. 

324  Scutellaria  resinosa  TORK.  (SKULLCAP.)  This  has 
slender  running  root  stalks  and  many  low  stems,  flowers  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  but  sometimes  blooming  from  the 
base  of  the  stem,  large,  deep  blue,  calyx  large,  inflated,  whole 
plant  resinous.  Common  on  the  plains  of  North  Denver  on  the 
sandy  hills.  Spring  and  early  summer. 

325.  Scutellaria  galericulata  L.    Taller, usually  branching 
above,  leaves  more  scattered.     This  grows  in  wet  places  along 
the  Platte.     Summer. 

326.  Brunella  vulgaris  L.     (SKLK-HEAL.)    Branching  from 
tho  root,  the  pairs  of  leaves  distant,  flowers  in  a  spike  at  the 


42  Flora  of  Denver. 

top  of  the  stem,  bracts  very  broad  and  rounding,  ciliate  and 
veiny,  corolla  bright  purple.     Along  the  Platte.     Summer. 

327.  Stachys  palustris  L.     (WOUNDWORT.)     Stem  tall  and 
•erect,  rough,  hairy  spike  at  the  top  of  stem,  interrupted,  corolla 
pink.     This  is  without  an  aromatic  odor.     Common  in  damp 
places.     Summer. 

PLANTAGINACEvC.      (Plantain  Family.) 

328.  Plantago  major  L.    The  common  plantain  with  broad 
veiny  leaves.     Common.     Summer  and  fall. 

329.  Plantago  Patagonica  JACQ.  var.  gnaphalioides  GRAY. 
This  is  the  low,  white,  woolly  plantain  of  the  prairies;  the  flow- 
ers are  in  dense  and  numerous  spikes,  corolla  is  white  and  pa- 
pery.    Common  in  the  spring,  often  covering  the  ground  for- 
acres  with  a  silvery  foliage. 

330.  Plantago  lanceolata  L.     Introduced.     Not   common. 
NYCTAGINACE>E.     (Four-o'clock  Family.) 

331.  Oxybaphus  nyctagmeus   SWEET.      This    has   purple 
flowers  and  heart-shaped  leaves.    The  stem  is  tall  and  branched. 
Along  the  Platte  and  Cherry  Creek  in  the  shade.     Summer. 
The  var.  oblongifolius  is  found  along  the  ditches  in  the  open 
country. 

332.  Oxybaphus  angustifolius  SWEET.    This  has  long  linear 
leaves,  calyx  delicate  and  white,  involucre  papery,  fruit  hoary. 
Common  on  the  plains  in  late  summer.     These  open  in  the 
evening.    The  var.  oblongifdlius  also  grows  at  Denver  along  the 
ditches. 

333.  Abronia  fra'grans  NUTT.    (FRAGRANT  ABRONI A.)   Stems 
thick  and    fleshy,  many  from  the  root,  spreading  along   the 
ground;  umbels  axillary  on  the  long  peduncles,  head  of  fruit 
globular,  flowers  white  and  with  a  strong  sweet  perfume,  which 
causes  it  to  be  wrongly  named  wild  heliotrope.     Common  in 
sandy  places.     Summer. 


Flora  of  Denver.  43 

334.  Abronia  micrantha  TORK.    Wings  of  fruit  fleshy,  pink 
veined,  forming  a  round  head,  flowers  small.     Not  common. 
Summer. 

AMARANTACE/E.     (Amaranth  Family.) 

335.  Amarantus  retroflexus    L.      (PIG-WEED.)      Tall   and 
stout,  spikes  at  tips  of  branches  thick  and  erect,  bracts  awned. 
A  common  weed.     Fall. 

336.  Amara'ntus  albus  L.     Rather  low,  diffusely  branch- 
ing, leaves  and    bracts  awned,  clusters  of  flowers  small  and 
axillary;  seed  wrinkled,  black  or  dark  red  and  shiny.     Com- 
mon in  the  fall. 

337.  Amarantus  blitoides  WATSON.     Prostrate,  leaves  ob- 
tuse with  a  very  short  awn,  clusters  of  flowers  axillary;  seed 
shining,  black,  not  wrinkled,  larger  than  the  preceding.     Com- 
mon in  the  fall. 

338.  Amarantus  Torreyi  BENTH.     Spreading  from  the  base 
with   long   branching   ascending   stems,  often    dioecious,   the 
spikes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  very  long  and  slender,  often 
gracefully   curved-     In    sandy    ground.     North    Denver   and 
Capitol  Hill  near  Eighth  Avenue.     Fall. 

339.  Acnfda  tuberculata  MOQ.     North  Denver.     Fall. 

340.  Froelichia  gracilis  MOQ.     White-woolly,  leaves  clus- 
tered near  root,  crests  on  the  calyx  stiff. 

341.  Frcelfchia  Floridana  MOQ.     Stem  leafless  above,  teeth 
on  the  calyx  irregular. 

CHENOPODIA'CE^'E.     (Goosefoot  Family.) 

342.  Cyclocloma    platyphyllum     MOQ.     The     diffusely 
branching   purple   or    green   tumble   weed.     Nortli    Denver. 
Fall. 

343.  Chenopodium     album.      (LiAMB's-QuARTER.)     Com- 
mon.    Introduced  probably. 


44  Mora  of  Denver. 

344    Chenopodium  hybridum  L.     Near  Denver,  reported 
by  Dr.  Smith. 

345.  Chenopodium  glaucum  L.     Rather  common.     Fall. 

346.  .Chenopodium  cornutum  BEXTH.  &  HOOK.     Aromatic 
glandular,  flowers  small  and  very  much  crowded  in  long  spikes 
at  the  ends  of  the  stems.     Along  the  Platte  near  Valverde. 
Summer  and  fall. 

347.  Chenopodium  .capitatum  WATSON.     (SQUAW-PAINT.) 
Clusters  of  fruit  red  and  fleshy.     Reported  by  Dr.  Smith  and 
B.  H.  Smith. 

348.  Chenopodium    urbicum  L.     On  Euclid  Street  above 
Goss  Street  in  North  Denver. 

349.  Monolepis  chenopodioides  MOQ.     Rather  common. 

350  Atriplex  patulum  L.  var.  hastatum  GRAY.    Common  in 
North  Denver      Fall. 

351.  Atriplex   argenteum    NUTT.     North   Denver.     Sum- 
mer. 

352.  Atriplex    canescens     JAMES.     A     shrub,    Berkeley. 
Summer  and  fall. 

353.  Atriplex  roseum  L.     Introduced    in    North    Denver 
near  where  the  Sixteenth  Street  cable  turns.     Fall. 

354.  Suckleya  petiolaris  GRAY.     Found  near  Denver  by 
Thomas  Meet i an. 

355.  Eurotia   lanata    MOQ.     (WHITE-SAGE,  WINTER-FAT.) 
Valverde  Hills  near  Riverside  cemetery.     Summer.     Fall. 

356.  Corispermum  hyssopifo'lium  L.     Common  in  North 
Denver  and  near  Arlington  Park.     Fall. 

357.  Suaeda    depressa      WATSON    var.    erecta    WATSON. 
Stems  from  a  woody  base,  leaves  round,  fleshy,  and  crowded. 
North  Denver.     Fall. 

358   Salsola  Kali  L.     Introduced  along  the  railroad  tracks. 
Summer  and  fall. 


Flora  of  Denver.  45 

POLYGONACE^E.     (Buckwheat  Family.) 

359.  Eriogonum   heracleoides    NUTT.     Clusters    in   com- 
pound umbels  with  the  rays  often  branched,  flowers  yellow, 
smooth.     Clear  Creek,  found  by  Miss  E.  Eaton.     Summer. 

360.  Eriogonum  annuum  NUTT.     Entire  plant  white,  tall, 
sometimes  branching  but  usually  simple  to  the  cymose  clus- 
ters.    Common  on  the  plains.     Summer. 

361.  Eriogonum   cernuum    NUTT.     Diffusely    branching, 
clusters  numerous  on  deflexed  pedicels,  flowers  white,  becom- 
ing  pink.     Near   Valverde  on   the   Denver  and  Rio  Grande 
railroad  track.     Summer. 

362.  Eriogonum  microthecum  NUTT.  var.  effusum  TORE.  & 
GRAY.     Low,  branching  from    a  woody  base,  cyme  of  small 
clusters  very  much  branched.     Common  on  the  plains.     Fall. 

363  Rumex  venosus  PURSH.  Easily  distinguished  by  the 
large  rose  colored  veiny  valves  and  the  thickly  clustered  flow- 
ers. Near  Cherry  Creek,  North  Denver.  Early  summer. 

364.  Rumex  salicifolius  WEINMANN.     The  common  narrow 
leaved  Rumex.     Common.     Summer  to  fall. 

365.  Rumex  Acetosella  L.     The  common  sorrel.     Intro- 
duced.    Not  common. 

366.  Polygonum  erectum  L.     Branches  leafy  to  the  sum- 
mit. 

367.  Polygonum     ramossfssimum     MICHX.     Branching 
above,  yellowish,  upper  leaves  bract-like. 

368.  Polygonum  tenue  MICHX.     Slender  and  rather  low, 
spikes  distantly  flowered.     In  wet  places.     Valverde.     Fall. 

369.  Polygonum  aviculare  L.     (KNOT-GRASS)     The  very 
common  introduced  prostrate  Polygonum. 

370.  Polygonum   Pennsylvanicum    L.     Stems   very   tall, 
five  or  six  feet  and  leafy,  upper  part  covered  with  glandular 


46  Flora  of  Denver. 

bristles;   flowers  in  a  close  spike,  rose  color.     Valverde,  in  a 
swampy  place  where  the  vegetation  was  all  tall. 

371.  Polygonum  amphfbium    L.      Aquatic,  with   floating 
leaves  and  spikes  of  rose-colored  flowers.     In  a  pond  between 
Denver  and  Morrison.     Summer. 

372.  Polygonum  Muhlenbergii  WATSON.    In  muddy  places 
with  creeping  stems.     Similar  to  the  preceding.     Along  the 
Platte.     Summer. 

373.  Polygonum  Hartwrightii     GRAY.       (SMART- WEED.) 
Branched  from  the  base,  slender  sterns^  often  rooting  at  the 
joints.     Spikes   of    rose-colored  flowers,  numerous.     Common 
along  the  ditches,  etc. 

374.  Polygonum  Hydro  paper  L.   Small,  few-flowered  spikes 
terminating    the   slender   stems,    flowers   white.      Along   the 
Platte.     Common  in  marshy  spots.     Fall. 

375.  Polygonum  dumetorum  L.  var.  scandens  GRAY.    Sim- 
ilar in  appearance  to  the  morning-glory  vine.     Common. 

SANTALACE^E.     (Sandal-wood  Family.) 

376.  Comandra  pallida  DC.  Stems  many  from  a  woody  root, 
glaucous,  terminated  by  umbels  of  creamy  flowers,  petals  rather 
thick  and  sometimes  tinged  with  pink.    Common  on  the  plains 
and  along  the  Platte.     Spring. 

EUPHORBIACE^E.      (Spurge   Family.) 

377.  Euphorbia  petaloidea  ENGELM.     Prostrate,  leaves  en- 
tire with  fringe-like  stipules.    Common.    Seeds  reddish.    Sum- 
mer and  fall. 

378.  Euphorbia  glyptosperma  ENGELM.    Near  Denver,  Dr. 
Smith. 

379.  Euphorbia  maculata   L.      Prostrate,    leaves    serrate, 
seeds  4-angled  and  each  side  grooved,  the  whole  plant  becom- 
ing red.     Common.     Summer  and  fall. 


Flora  of  Denver.  47 

380.  Euphorbia  hexagona  NUTT.     Found  by  T.  G.  Porter 
near  Denver. 

381.  Euphorbia  marginata  PURSH.       (SNOW-ON-THE-MOUN- 
TAIN,  MARGINED-SPURGE).     Leaves   usually  white  margined, 
markings  variable.     Common  on  the  plains.     Summer  to  fall. 

382.  Euphorbia  dentata  MICHX.      Tall .  and   erect,  leaves 
often  blotched  with  purplish  red.-     Common  in  the  late  sum- 
mer and  fall. 

383.  Euphorbia  dictyosperma   FISCH.  AND   MEYER.      An- 
nual, pod  warty,  seeds  veined.     Along  the  Platte.     Summer. 

384.  Euphorbia  montana    ENGELM.      Pod    smooth,    seeds 
dotted,  very  leafy.     Common  along  the  Platte. 

CALLITRICHACE^E. 

385.  Callltriche  verna   L.      In  stagnant  water,  near  Val- 
verde. 

URTICACE^.     (Nettle  Family.) 

386.  Urtica  gracilis  AIT.     (NETTLE.)     Along  streams,  not 
very  common. 

387.  Humulus  Lupulus  L.     (HOP-VINE.)    Along  the  Platte. 
Common. 

CUPULl'FER^.     (Oak  Family.) 

388.  Betula  occidentals  HOOK.     Along  the  Platte  near 
Denver.     Coulter. 

389.  A"lnus  viridis  AIT.     Along  the  Platte  near  Valverde. 

SALICINE/E.     (Willow  Family.) 

390.  Salix  amygdaloides  ANDERS.     Leaves  narrowed  to  a 
very  fine  point,  glaucous  beneath,  serrate,  catkins  on  leafy  pe- 
duncles.    Along  the  Platte.     North  Denver.     Common- 


48  Flora  of  Denver. 

391.  Salix    longifblia  MUHL.     Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate, 
sparingly  short,  bristly-toothed,  canescent  with  fine  close  hairs 
especially  on  the  young  shoots.     Common  along  the  streams, 
latest  in  bloom. 

392.  Salix    cordata  MUHL.     Near  Denver.     Coulter. 

393.  Salix  irrorkta  ANDERS.     Leaves  with  yellow  midrib 
and  very  glaucous  beneath.     I  have  not  the  flowers  or  fruit  of 
this.     Along  the  Platte  near  Valverde  bridge. 

394.  Populus  ba4samifera4Lvar\  candicana  GRA-T.      The 
common  broad-leaved  cottonwood.     Along  the  Platte  and  the 
ditches. 

395.  Populus  angustifolia  JAMES.     The  narrow  or  willow- 
leaved  cottonwood.     Along  the  Platte  and  the  ditches. 

IRIDACE^.     (Iris  Family.) 

396.  Iris  Missouriensis  NUTT.    (BLUE-FLAG.)    In  a  meadow 
near  Baker's  Pond  near  the  Larimer  Street  viaduct.    Spring. 

397.  Sisyrinchium  mucronatum      MICHX.        (BLUE-EYED 
GRASS.)     Along  the  Platte.    Summer.     Not  common. 

LILIACE.E.     (Lily  Family.) 

398.  Allium  reticulatum  FRASER.     The  wild  onion  with 
umbels  of  white  flowers.     North  Denver.     Spring. 

399.  Leucocrinum  montanum   NUTT.      (WHITE   PRAIRIE- 
LILY.)     One  of  the  earliest  flowers,  with  long,  grass-like  leaves 
and   delicate  white   fragrant   lilies  from  an  erect   root  stalk. 
Common  on  the  plains.     Spring.     The  seeds  ripen  under  the 
ground. 

400.  Smilacfna  stellata    DESF.     (FALSE  SOLOMON'S-SEAL.) 
Leaves  numerous  and  clasping,  small  delicate  white  flowers  in 
a  short,  terminal   raceme.     Berries  at  first  striped  with  red, 
when  fully  ripe  red  all  over.     In  shady  spots  along  the  Platte 
and  Cherry  Creek. 


Flora  of  Denver.  49 

• 

401.  Yucca  angustifolia  PURSH.  (SOAP-WEED.  SPANISH- 
BAYONET.)  Witli  bayonet-shaped  leaves  and  a  raceme  of  droop- 
ing flowers  which  are  thick  and  large,  cream  color  and  usually 
tinged  with  pink.  Common  on  the  plains.  Summer. 

402.  Calochortus  Gunnisoni  WATSON.     (MARIPOSA  LILY.) 
This  was  found  near  Clear  Creek,  about  six  miles  from  the  city 
by  Albert  Eaton.     He  reports  it  as  very  abundant. 

403.  Zygadenus  Nuttallii  GRAY.     Bulb  like  an  onion,  bur- 
ied deep,  stern  with,  leaves  crowded  near  the  base,  few-leaved 
above.     Raceme  densely  flowered  6*n  the  long  scape.     On  the 
plains.     Rather  common.     Spring. 

COMMELYNACE^.     (Spiderwort  Family.) 

„  404.  Tradescantia  Virgfnica  L.  (SPIDERWORT.)  Stems 
leafy,  flowers  deep  blue  in  a  sessile  umbel.  Common.  Spring 
and  early  summer. 

JUNCACEiE.     (Rush  Family.) 

405.  Luzula  spicata  DESF.     Dr.  Smith. 

406.  Juncus  Balticus  DETH.  var.  montanus  ENGELM.    Com- 
mon. 

407.  Juncus  bufonius  L.     Common   along  Cherry  Creek 
and  the  Platte. 

408  Juncus  longistylis  TORR.     Dr.  Smith  and  B.  H.  Smith. 

409.  Juncus  nodosus  L.  var.    megacephalus  TORR.     Dr. 
Sntith  and  B.  H.  Smith. 

TYPHACE^E      (Cat-Tail  Family.) 

410.  Typha   latifolia    L.     (CAT-TAIL.)     Common    in    the 
ponds  and  marshes. 

411.  Sparganium     eurycarpum     ENGELM.     (BuR-REED.) 
Stems  tall  and  stout;  clusters  of  fruit  globular,  lower  on  stalks, 
upper  sessile.     In  a  marsh  near  Valverde.     Summer. 


•50  Flora  of  Denver.          ' 

LEMNACE>E.     (Duckweed  Family.) 

412.  Lemna  minor  L.     (DucK  WEED.)     A  tiny  two-leaved 
plant  that  floats  on   the  water,  often  making  the  surface  of 
small  ponds  green.     Along  the  Platte. 

ALISMACE^E.     (Water-Plantain  Family  ) 

413.  Alisma  Plantago  L.     Leaves  on  long  stalks,  plantain 
like;  umbels  of  flowers  whorled,  either  simple  or  compound; 
flowers  white,  small.     Common   along   the   Platte.     Summer 
and  fall. 

414.  Sagittaria  variabilis  ENGELM.     Leaves  arrow-shaped; 
flowers  delicate,  white.     Common  in  the  marshes.     Summer. 

NAIADA'CE^.     (Pondweed  Family.) 

415.  Potamogeton   natans  L.     In    ponds,  etc.     Not  com- 
mon.   Summer  to  fall.     It  grows  in  a  small  pond  near  Arga 
and  in  several  places  along  the  Platte. 

CYPERACE/^:.     (Sedge  Family.) 

416.  Cyperus  aristatus  ROTTB.     Along  the  Platte.     Sum- 
mer. 

417.  Cyperus  inflexus  MUHL.     Dr.  Smith. 

418.  Sci'rpus  pungens  YAHL.     Dr.  Smith. 

419.  Scirpus  lacustris  YAHL.     Dr.  Smith. 

420.  Eleccharis  acicularis  R.  BR.     Dr.  Smith. 

421.  Eleocharis  palustris  R.  BR.     Along  the  Platte. 

422.  Eleocharis  olivacea  TORR.    ^  Along  the  Platte. 

423.  Carex  strammea  WILLD.     B.  H.  Smith.     There  are 
many  more  of  the  genus  Carex,  but  they  have  not  been  col- 
lected. 

GR AMINES.     (Grass  Family.) 

424.  Beckmannia  erucaeformis  HOST.     Along  streams. 

425.  Panicum  capilla're  L.     (OLD-WiTCH  GRASS.)     Intro- 
duced. 


Flora  of  Denver-.  51 

426.  Panicum  virgatum  L.     Common. 

427.  Pa'nicum  Crus-galli  L.     (BARNYARD  GRASS.)     Intro- 
duced. 

428.  Panicum  sanguinale  L.     (CRAB   OR    FINGER-GRASS.) 
Introduced. 

429.  Panicum  scoparium  LAM.     Common. 

430.  Setaria  viridis  BEAUV.     (FOXTAIL.)     Introduced. 

431.  Seta'ria  glauca  BEAUV.      (GREEN-FOXTAIL.)      Intro- 
duced. 

432.  Setaria  Italica  KUNTH.     (MILLET.)     Introduced. 

433.  Cenchrus  tribuloides  L.     (SAND-BuR.) 

434    Spartma  cynosuroides  WILLD.    (FRESH-WATER  CORD- 

.  GRASS.) 

435.  Andropogon  furcatus  MUHL.     (BEARD-GRASS  )     Per- 
rin's  meadow. 

436.  Andropogon  scoparius  MICHX.     Perrin's  meadow. 

437.  Chrysopogon    nutans      BENTH.       (INDIAN-GRASS.) 
(WOOD  GRASS.) 

438.  Phalaris  Canariensis  L.      (CANARY-GRASS.)     Intro- 
duced. 

439.  Alopecurus     geniculatus    L.  var.  aristulatus    TORR. 

440.  Aristida  purpurea  NUTT.  var.  longiseta  VASEY. 

441.  Stipa  comata  TKIX.     (FEATHER-GRASS.) 

442.  Stipa  viridula  TRIX. 

443.  Oryzo'psis  cuspidata     BENTH.      (QUIVERING-GRASS, 

MoUNTAIN-RlCE.) 

444.  Muhlenbergia  sylvatica  TORR.  &  GRAY.    (DROP-SEED 
GRASS. 

445.  Phleum  pratense  L.     (TIMOTHY.)     Introduced. 

4 


52  flora  of  Denver. 

446.  Sporobolus  airoides  TORR.     (RUSH-GRASS,  DROPSEED 
GRASS.) 

447.  Sporobolus  confusus  VASEY. 

448.  Sporobolus  asperifolius  THURB. 

449.  Dactylis    glomerata    L.     (ORCHARD-GRASS.)     Intro- 
duced. 

450.  Agrostis  alba  L.     (BENT-GRASS.) 

451.  Agrostis  exarata  TRIN. 

452.  Agrostis  scabra  WILLD. 

453.  Polypogon  Monspeliensis  DESF.     (BEARD-GRASS.) 

454.  Calamagrostis  sylvatica  DC. 

455.  Calamagrostis  longifolia  HOOK. 

456.  Deschampsia   caespitosa  BEAUV. 

457.  Schedonnardus  Texanus.STEUD. 

458.  Bouteloua  hirsuta  LAG.     (GRAMA-GRASS.) 

459.  Bouteloua  oligostachya  TORR. 

460.  Bouteloua  racemosa  LAG. 

461.  Buchloe  dactylofdes  ENGELM.     (BUFFALO-GRASS.) 

462.  Phragmites  communis  TRIN.     (REED-GRASS.) 

463.  Munroa  squarrosa  TORR. 

464.  Koeleria  cristata  PERS. 

465.  Eatonia  obtusata  GRAY. 

466.  Eragrostis  Purshii  SCHRADER. 

467.  Eragrostis  major  HOST. 

468.  Eragrostis  pilosa" BEAUV. 
469    Distichlis  mantima  RAF. 

470.  Poa  flexuosa  MUHL.    van  occidentalis  VASEY. 


Flora  of  Denver.  53 

471.  Poa  brevifolia  MUHL. 

472.  Glyceria  acutiflora  TORR. 
473-  Glyceria  fluitans  R.  BR 

474.  Glyceria  pallida  TRIN. 

475.  Glyceria  nervata  TRIN. 

476.  Glyceria  grandis  WATSON. 

477.  Festuca  ovina  L. 

478.  Festuca  tenella  WILLD. 

479.  Agropyrum  glaucum  R.  &  S.  var.  occidfentale  V.  &  S. 

480.  Agropyrum  tenerum  VASEY. 

481.  Elymus  Canadensis  L. 

482.  Elymus  Virginicus  L.  var.  submuticus  HOOK. 

483.  Hordeum  jubatum  L. 

484.  Marsilia  vestfta  HOOK.  &  GREV.    This  was  found  near 
Montclair  in  a  swampy  place  that  had  become  dry. 

485.  Equisetum  arvense  L. 

486.  Equisetum  Isevigatum  BRAUN. 

487.  Equisetum  variegatum  SCHLEICHEK. 

These  three  species  of  Equisetum  grow  along  the  Platte 
River  and  Cherry  Creek. 

No  ferns  have  been  found;  only  two  mosses  have  been  no- 
ticed and  one  liverwort. 


INDEX. 


PAGE.  PAGE. 

Abronia 42,  43      Brickellia 19 

Acerates 32      Brunella 4.1 

Achillea 27      Buchloe 52 

Aenida 43      Calamagr  stis 52 

Agropyrum 53      Callitrichacese , 47 

Agrostis 52      Callitriche 47 

Alisma '. 50      Caloi-hortus 49 

Alismace;e  50      Camelina 5 

Allium 48      Campanula 31 

Alnus 47      Campanulaceee 30 

Alopecurus 51      Capparidacese 7 

Amarantaceee 43      Caprifoliacese 19 

Amarantns 4o      Capsella 6 

Ambrosia 23      Carex 50 

Ammania 15      Caryophylla-jese 7 

Amorpha 11       Ca-tilleia 39 

Ampelopsis t       Cenchrus...  . 51 

Anacardiacese 9      Cerastium 7 

Andropogon 51      Cerens... 17 

Anemone 3      Chaenactis 26 

Antennaria 23      Chenopodiacese 43 

Anthemis 27      Chenopodium 43,  44 

Aphyllon 39      Chrysanthemum  27 

Apios 13      Chrysnpogon 51 

Aplopappus 20      Clnysopsis -0 

Apocynacese 31       Cjctiorum 28 

Apocynum 3        Cicuta 18 

Arabia 5      Clematis 3 

-Argemone 4       Cleome 7 

Aristida '1       Cnicu.s 28 

Artemisia 27,  28      Comainlra 46 

Asclepiadacese 31      Commelynacese 49 

Asclepias 31,  32      CJom'positse 19 

Aster 21       Convolvulacea1 36 

Astragalus 11,  12      Convolvulus 36 

Atriplex 44       Coivpsis 25 

Bahia • 26      Corispermurn 44 

Beckmannia 50      Cornacese ...  19 

Bernla 18      C  .runs  19 

Betula 47      Corydalis ,...    4 

Bidens '....  25      Crepis 29 

Bigelovia 20      Cruciferee 5 

Boraginaceaj.... 34      Cucurbitacese 17 

Bouteloua 52      Cupuliferse 47 

Brassica 6  Cuscuta....                                  ...  36 


Index. 


55 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

Cy  c  locloma  

43 

Helianthus  

i....24,  25 

Cvmopterus  

18 

Heliotropium  

34 

Cvperaceae  

50 

Heracleum  

18 

Cyperus  

50 

Hordeum  

53 

Dactylis  

52 

Humulus  

47 

Dalea  
Diitura  

10 
37 

Hvdrophyllaceae  
Hvmenatherum  

34 
26 

Delphinium  

4 

Hvmenopappus  

26 

Deschampsia  

&2 

Ipomrea  

36 

Distichlis  

52 

Iridacese  

48 

Draba  

5 

Iris  

48 

Dracocephalum  

41 

Iva  

23 

Dvsotiia  

26 

Juncaceae  

49 

Eatonia  

52 

Juncus  

49 

Echinocystis  

17 

Kceleria  

;.  52 

Echinospermum  

35 

Krvnitzkia  

35 

Eleocharis  

50 

Kuhnfa  

19 

Ellisia  

34 

Labiatae  

40 

Elymus  

53 

Lactuca  

30 

Epilobium  

15 

Lathvrus  .....'  

13 

Equisetum  

53 

Leguminosae  

9 

Eragrostis  

52 

Lemna  

50 

Erigeron  

22 

Lemnacese  

50 

Eriogonum  ... 

45 

Lepachvs  

24 

Erodium  

9 

Lepidium  

i; 

Erysimum  

5 

Lesquerella  

6 

Euphorbia  

46,  47 

Leucocrinum  

48 

Euphorbiaceae  

46 

Liatris  

20 

Eurotia  

44 

Liliaceae  

48 

Eustoma  

32 

Linacese  

8 

Evolvuhis  k  ........ 

36 

Linum  

S 

Festuca  

53 

Lippia  

40 

Fragaria  

13 

Lithospermum  

35,  36 

Franseria  

23 

Loafiacese  

Frcelichia  

43 

Lol)elia  

30 

Fumariaceae  

4 

Lobeliacese  

30 

Galinm  

19 

Lonicera  

19 

Gaura  

16 

Lupinns  

10 

Gayophytum  

15 

Luz  ila  

49 

Gentiana  

Lvc  mis  

J 

Gent  anaceae  

32 

Lvc  PUS  

40 

Geraniacese  

8 

Lvg  dcsinia  

Geranium  

S 

Lv:    race;v  

15 

Gerardia  

39 

Lvt    ruin  

15 

Geum  

13 

Ms     a  

S 

Gilia  

3:; 

Ms      aoere  

8 

Gliux  

31 

M;      astruin  

8 

Glyceria  

53 

Ma     illaria  

17 

I  1 

58 

Gnaphalium  

1>:-; 

Me  1i<-ajro  

10 

Graririnefie  

50 

\J(j      lotUS 

10 

Grindelia  

20 

Me  it  ha  

40 

Gutierrezia  

20 

Mt  itzelia  

17 

Gvmnolomia  

24 

M'  lensia  

35 

Hedeoma  .'.. 

40 

Mima!  us  

Helenium  

26 

Monarda  

41 

56 


Index. 


PAGE.  PAGE. 

Monolepis  44      Rosa 14 

Muhlenbergia 51      Rosacese 13 

Munroa 52      Rubus 13 

Musenium 18      Rudbeckia 24 

Myosurus 3      Rumex 45 

Naiadacese 50      Sagittaria 50 

Nasturtium 5      Salicinese 47 

Negundo 9      Salix 47,48 

Nepeta        41      Salsola 44 

Nyctaginacese 42      Salvia 41 

CEnothera 15,  16      Santalacete 46 

Onagracepe 15      Sapindaceee 9 

Onosmodium 36      Saponaria ;.     8 

Opuntia 17,  18      Saxifraga 14 

Orobanchaceaa 39      Saxifragacese 14 

Orthccarpus ,...  39      Schedonnardus 52 

Orvzopsis 51       Scirpus 50 

Ox'alis 9      Scrophularia 37 

Oxybaphus 42      Scrophulariacese 37 

Oxytropis 13      Scutellaria 41 

Panicum 50,  51      Senecio 28 

Papaveracese 4      Setaria < 51 

Pastinaca 18    •  Sidalcea 8 

Pentstemon 38      Silene 7 

Petalostemon 11       Sisyinbrium 6 

Peucedanuin 8      Sisyrinchium 48 

Phacelia 34      Smilacena 48 

Pbalaris 51      Solanacese 37 

Phleum 51       Solanum 37 

Phlox 32      Solidago 20,  21 

Phragmites 52      Sonchus 30 

Physalis 37      Sophora 10 

Physaria 6      Sparganium 49 

Plantaginacese. .> 42      Spartina 51 

Plantago 42      Specularia -30 

Poa 52,  53      Sporobolus '-1 

Polanisia 7      Stachys 42 

Polemoniacese 32      Steironema 31 

Polemonium 34      Stephanomeria 28 

Polygonacese 45      Stipa 51 

Polygonum 45,  46      Sugeda 44 

Polypogon 52      Suckleya 44 

Populus 48      Symphoricarpos 19 

Portulaca 8      Talinum 8 

Portulacacese 8      Taraxacum '29 

Potamogeton 50      Thalictrum 3 

Potentilla 13,  14      Thelesperma 25 

Primulacese 31      Thermopsis 9 

Prunus 13      Townsendia 21 

Peoralea 10      Tradescantia 49 

Pycnanthemum 40      Tragopogon 29 

Ranunculacese 3      Trifolium 10 

Ranunculus 3,  4      Troximon 29 

Raphanus 6      Typha 49 

Rhus 9      Typhacese 1 49 

Ribes....  ,..  15      Umbellifera 18 


Index.  57 

PAGE.  PAGE. 

Urtica 47      Viola 7 

Urticacese 47      Violacese 7 

Verbena 39,  40      Vitaceee 9 

Verbenaceee 39      Vitis 9 

Verbesina 25      Xanthium... 24 

Veronica 38,  89      Yucca 49 

Vicia 13      Zygadenus 49 


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